Pentose fermentation by a recombinant microorganism

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides recombinant nucleic acid constructs comprising a xylose isomerase polynucleotide, a recombinant fungal host cell comprising a recombinant xylose isomerase polynucleotide, and related methods.

The present application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/530,311, filed Jun. 22, 2012, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/503,304, filed Jun. 30, 2011, the entire contents of both are incorporated herein by reference.

REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED AS AN ASCII TEXT FILE

The Sequence Listing written in file CX3-091US1_ST25.TXT, created on Jul. 26, 2012, 75,020 bytes, machine format IBM-PC, MS-Windows operating system, is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods and compositions suitable for use in the isomerization of xylose to xylulose.

BACKGROUND

Ethanol and ethanol fuel blends are widely used in Brazil and in the United States as a transportation fuel. Combustion of these fuels is believed to produce fewer of the harmful exhaust emissions (e.g., hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) that are generated by the combustion of petroleum. Bioethanol is a particularly favored form of ethanol because the plant biomass from which it is produced utilizes sunlight, an energy source that is renewable. In the United States, ethanol is used in gasoline blends that are from 5% to 85% ethanol. Blends of up to 10% ethanol (E10) are approved for use in all gasoline vehicles in the U.S. and blends of up to 85% ethanol (E85) can be utilized in specially engineered flexible-fuel vehicles (FFV). The Brazilian government has mandated the use of ethanol-gasoline blends as a vehicle fuel, and the mandatory blend has been 25% ethanol (E25) since 2007.

Bioethanol is currently produced by the fermentation of hexose sugars that are obtained from carbon feedstocks. Currently, only the sugar from sugar cane and starch from feedstock such as corn can be economically converted. There is, however, much interest in using lignocellulosic feedstocks where the cellulose part of a plant is broken down to sugars and subsequently converted to ethanol. Lignocellulosic biomass is made up of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Cellulose and hemicellulose can be hydrolyzed in a saccharification process to sugars that can be subsequently converted to ethanol via fermentation. The major fermentable sugars from lignocelluloses are glucose and xylose. For economical ethanol yields, a strain that can effectively convert all the major sugars present in cellulosic feedstock would be highly desirable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods and compositions suitable for use in the isomerization of xylose to xylulose.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides recombinant nucleic acid constructs comprising at least one polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide that is capable of catalyzing the isomerization of D-xylose directly to D-xylulose, wherein the polynucleotide is a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NO:23; 25, 27, 29, 31, or 33, or a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the complement of a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; 25, 27, 29, 31, and/or 33. In some embodiments, at least one polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; 25, 27, 29, 31, and/or 33, while in some alternative embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; 25, 27, 29, 31, and/or 33. In some additional embodiments, the present invention also provides recombinant nucleic acid constructs comprising at least one polynucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide that is capable of catalyzing the isomerization of D-xylose directly to D-xylulose, wherein the polynucleotide is a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant set forth in Table 3-1. In some further embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs comprise at least one polynucleotide sequence comprising at least one mutation and/or mutation set selected from those set forth in Table 3-1, wherein the mutation and/or mutation set comprise either or both amino acid or nucleic acid mutations and/or mutation sets. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs comprise at least one polypeptide comprising a chimeric xylose isomerase.

The present invention also provides nucleic acid constructs comprising polynucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides having amino acid sequences that comprise at least one mutation (and/or mutation set) at the following position and/or positions:

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6/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/1 21/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/273/277/281/28 2/285/288/292/299/300;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/6 6/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/1 21/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/223/273/275/282/283/28 4/285/288/289/292/299;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/15/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/6 4/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/12 0/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/257/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/325/339/345/346/347/350/352/A359/36 4/365/A366/368/369/370/372/377;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/223/273/275/2 82/283/284/285/288/289/292/299;5/8/11/13/15/16/19/22/29/33/36/39/40/41/64/70/71/89/96/112/115/126/129/130/1 31/132/198/199/219/220/223/247/248/253/262/269/285/288/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/34 7/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/11 1/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/224/249/257/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/4 02/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/146/152/155/1 56/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/249/257/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/31 4/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/1 0/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/273/275/282/283/284/285/288/289/292/299;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/223/249/257/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/3 12/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/39 4/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438; 2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/42/45/46/50/51/52/53/54/61/62/64/67/68/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/96/101/104/107/108/109/110/112/115/116/119/120/121/125/128/130/131/132/140/141/143/144/148/149/153/154/155/160/161/163/172/173/180/198/199/219/236/244/247/248/253/262/273/275/282/283/284/285/2 88/289/292/299/307/310/311/312/323/325/328/330/333/339/342/344/346/349/352/353/355/359/364/365/366/368/37 3/375/376/378/380/381/382/385/387/388/389/390/393/394/396/397/398/399/401/402/403/404/406/407/410/412/414/415/416/418/419/420/426/428/429/430/431/433/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/11 1/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/236/257/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/4 12/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/1 75/180/198/199/236/244/247/248/253/262/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/32 0/323/339/345/346/347/349/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/1 07/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/16 2/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/249/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/35/36/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/1 11/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/17 2/173/175/180/236;28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/9 6/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/249/299/300/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/S109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/219/220/223/249/257/299/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/4 34/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/249/311/312/313/314/3 15/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/378/381/387/388/393/394/39 6/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;5/8/11/13/15/16/19/22/29/33/36/39/40/41/64/70/71/89/96/112/115/126/129/130/131/132/180/198/199/24/247/248/253/273/275/2 82/283/284/285/288/289/292/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/387/388;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/1 63/166/169/172/173/175/180;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/6 2/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/247/248/2 53/273/277/281/282/285/288/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/319/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/36 6/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/5 8/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/11 8/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140N/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/253/273/2 75;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/123/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/249/257/273/277/281/282/285/288/2 92/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/37 7/381;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/1 31/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/198/199/219/220/223/249/257/292/299/300/31 1/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438; 2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/299;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/10 8/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/236/244/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/4 12/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/1 75/180/183/198/199/219/220/257/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/36 6/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;372;5/8/11/13/15/16/19/22/29/33/36/39/40/41/64/70/71/89/96/112/115/126/129/130/131/132/180/198/199/219/220/236/249/257/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/3 23/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/40 2/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/1 07/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/16 2/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/328/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438; and/or 2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/288/289/292;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/2 7/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/10 7/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/253/273/275, wherein the positions are numbered by correspondence with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

In some further embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs comprise polynucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides having amino acid sequences that comprise at least one mutation and/or mutation set selected from:

F3/S5/G8/Q11/Q13/G14/P15/K16/T18/D19/S22/K24/N27/P28/E30/V31/I32/N33/R38/K42/L45/S46/T50/M51/G52/G53/D54/C61/G62/T64/T67/W68/Q70/S71/D72/P73/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y96/R101/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/A112/D115/Q116/I119/V120/T121/K125/Q128/D130/K131/F132/K140/C141/D143/H144/M148/H149/T153/S154/P155/F160/A161/S163/E172/S173/N180/M199/T236/Q273/T275/V282/A283/R284/D285/V288/F289/I292/V299/Q307/T310/N311/I312/I323/A325/F328/N330/L333/A339/G342/F344/P346/I349/S352/Y353/A35 5/A359; S5/G8/Q11/Q13/P15/K16/D19/S22/E29/N33/T36/E39/H40/L41/T64/Q70/S71/D89/Y96/A112/D115/I119/E126/G129/D130/K131/F132/N180/S219/I220/A266/A269/Q273/T275/Q277/R281/V282/D285/V288/I292/D306/N3 11/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/R423/M426/S429/S437/L438;S5/G8/Q11/Q13/P15/K16/D19/S22/E29/N33/T36/E39/H40/L41/T64/Q70/S71/D89/Y96/A112/D115/E126/G129/D130/K131/F132/N180/R281/D285/V288/V299/F364/R365/L368/E372/K378/V380/A381/N388/T389/A393/A397/F402/S404/A417/L419/M426/L435/S437;E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/S219/I220/K223/G249/D257/Q273/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/F364/R365/A366/L3 68/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A4 09/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438; E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/T18/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y10 7/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C13 4/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/Q273/Q277/R281/V282/D28 5/V288/I292/V299/L300/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/F335/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438;E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G5 3/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S10 4/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F13 2/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/N198/M199/M206/S21 9/I220/K223/G249/D257/Q273/Q277/R281/V282/I292/V299/L300/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438;E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T12 1/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/N198/M199/G249/Q273/Q277/R281/V282/D285/V288/I292/V299/L300/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438;F3/S5/G8/Q11/Q13/P15/K16/T18/D19/S22/K24/N27/P28/E3 0/V31/I32/N33/R38/K42/L45/S46/T50/M51/G52/G53/D54/C61/G62/T64/T67/W68/Q70/S71/D72/P73/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y96/R101/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/A112/T113/D115/Q116/I119/V120/T121/K125/Q128/D130/K131/F132/K140/C141/D143/H144/M148/H149/T153/S154/P155/F160/A161/S163/E172/S173/N180/N198/M199/G200/L201/L203/D204/M206/R208/T236/T244/V247/L248/K253/M262/Q273/T275/V282/A283/R28 4/D285/V288/F289/I292/V299/Q307/T310/N311/I312/I323/A325/F328/N330/L333/A339/G342/F344/P346/I349/S352/Y353/A355/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/D373/R375/I376/K378/V380I/A381/D382/A385/W387/N388/T389/G390/A393/D394/I396/A397/G398/K399/D401/F402/A403/S404/E406/K407/L410/K412/E414/V415/T416/S418/L419/S420/M426/E428/S429/I430/V431/N433/V434/S437/L438;E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S2 2/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q1 66/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/T244/V247/L248/K253/M262/Q273/T275/V282/A283/R284/D285/V288/F289/I2 92/V299/L300/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438; 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P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R7 6/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K1 69/E172/S173/V175/N180/S219/I220/G249/V299/L300/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377;E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q1 28/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N18 0/N198/M199/S219/I220/K223/G249/D257/V299/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438;E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y9 6/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/S219/I220/K223/G249/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F3 64/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/K378/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F4 02/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438; S5/G8/Q11/Q13/P15/K16/D19/S22/E29/N33/T36/E39/H40/L41/T64/Q70/S71/D89/Y96/A112/D115/E126/G129/D130/K131/F132/N180/N198/M199/T244/V247/L248/K253/Q273/T275/V282/A283/R284/D285/V288/F289/I292/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/W387/N388; E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180; E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/N198/M199/V247/L248/K253/Q273/Q277/R281/V282/D285/V288/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/M319/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438;E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140N/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/K253/Q273/T275;E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G5 3/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S10 4/E106/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Y123/Q128/G129/D13 0/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/G249/D257/Q273/Q277/R281/V282/D285/V288/I292/V299/L300/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381; E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N198/M199/S219/I220/K223/G249/D257/I292/V299/L300/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A3 59/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F4 02/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438; E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/N198/M199/V299; E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/N198/M199/T236/T244/V299/L300/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438; E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/V183/N198/M199/S219/I220/D257/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438; E372G; S5/G8/Q11/Q13/P15/K16/D19/S22/E29/N33/T36/E39/H40/L41/T64/Q70/S71/D89/Y96/A112/D115/E126/G129/D130/K131/F132/N180/N198/M199/S219/I220/T236/G249/D257/Q273/Q277/R281/V282/D285/V288/I292/N311/I3 12/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K36 9/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E41 1/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438; E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/N198/M199/Q273/Q277/R281/V282/D285/V288/I292/V299/L300/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/F328/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438; E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/V288/F289/I292; and/or E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/K253/Q273/T275, wherein the positions are numbered by correspondence with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

In still some additional embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs comprise polynucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides having amino acid sequences that comprise at least one mutation and/or mutation set selected from: F3L/S5Q/G8P/Q11K/Q13E/G14S/P15A/K16N/T18K/D19N/S22A/K24H/N27D/P28A/E30K/V31I/I32V/N33 L/R38K/K42P/L45M/S46A/T50N/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54A/C61R/G62D/T64A/T67S/W68L/Q70E/S71K/D72G/P73S/A74M/A75E/R76H/A84G/I87F/D89E/S92G/D94K/Y96F/R101V/S104V/Y107A/G108C/S109D/L110I/A112E/D115S/Q116R/I119E/V120S/T121S/K125L/Q128K/D130T/K131D/F132I/K140N/C141M/D143S/H144N/M148V/H149N/T153S/S154T/P155N/F160Y/A161C/S163A/E172D/S173I/N180R/M199V/T236A/Q273G/T275S/V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/F289L/I292V/V299M/Q307E/T310F/N311D/I312V/I323L/A325N/F328L/N330-/L333F/A339N/G342P/F344Y/P346Y/I349M/S352G/Y353F/A355L/A359S;

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and/or E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/C61V/G62T/T64V/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/K1 40N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/K253Q/Q2 73G/T275S, wherein the positions are numbered by correspondence with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

In some additional embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention further comprise a genetic element that facilitates stable integration into a fungal host genome. In some additional embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention further comprise at least one genetic element that facilitates stable integration into a fungal host genome. In some embodiments, the genetic element or at least one genetic element facilitates integration into a fungal host genome by homologous recombination. In some further embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs comprise a fungal origin of replication. In some additional embodiments, the fungal origin of replication is a yeast origin of replication. In some further embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs comprise polynucleotide sequences operatively linked to promoter sequences that are functional in fungal cells. In some embodiments, the promoter sequence is a fungal promoter sequence. In some further embodiments, the fungal promoter sequence is a yeast promoter sequence. In some additional embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs comprise polynucleotide sequences operatively linked to a transcription termination sequences that are functional in fungal cells. In some further embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs comprise polynucleotide sequences containing codons optimized for expression in yeast cells.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs comprise polynucleotide sequences comprising at least one mutation and/or mutation set at position(s) selected from:

27/30/42/51/54/60/63/69/72/75/78/114/126/129/133/135/138/147/156/159/177/180/195/201/207/216/222/225/234/2 37/249/252/255/261/271/273/274/275/306/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/40 5/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/456/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/501/510/511/513/534/537/552/570/573/576/579/580/583/600/601/603/607/625/627/642/645/648/663/684/687/693/696/705/714/717/726/738/741/744/747/751/753/756/765/766/771/792/804/807/810/811/816/822/825/834/837/840/846/849/852/858/885/894/903/906/9 12/915/921/924/927/936/954/960/963/966/969/975/987/993/996/999/1011/1018/1020/1023/1029/1035/1038/1054/1 055/1083/1089/1098/1107/1108/1110/1113/1119/1125/1131/1137/1146/1149/1155/1182/1185/1194/1200/1209/121 5/1218/1221/1233/1239/1242/1245/1248/1254/1266/1272/1275/1279/1281/1284/1287/1293/1308/1312/1314; 27/30/42/51/54/60/63/69/72/75/78/114/126/129/133/135/138/147/156/159/177/180/195/201/207/216/222/225/234/2 37/249/252/255/261/271/273/274/275/306/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/40 5/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/456/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/501/510/511/513/534/537/552/570/573/576/579/580/583/600/601/603/607/625/627/642/645/648/663/684/687/693/696/705/741/744/747/751/753/756/765/766/771/792/804/807/810/811/816/822/825/834/837/840/846/849/852/858/885/894/903/906/912/915/921/924/9 27/936/954/960/963/966/969/975/987/993/996/999/1011/1018/1020/1023/1029/1035/1038/1054/1055/1083/1089/1 098/1107/1108/1110/1113/1119/1125/1131/1137/1146/1149/1155/1182/1185/1194/1200/1209/1215/1218/1221/123 3/1239/1242/1245/1248/1254/1266/1272/1275/1279/1281/1284/1287/1293/1308/1312/1314; 27/30/42/51/54/60/63/69/72/75/78/114/126/129/133/135/138/147/156/159/177/180/195/201/207/216/222/225/234/2 37/249/252/255/261/271/273/274/275/306/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/40 5/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/456/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/510/511/513/625/627/642/645/648/1047/1054/1055/1095/1194/1200;27/30/42/51/54/60/63/69/72/75/78/114/126/129/133/135/138/147/156/159/177/18 0/195/201/207/216/222/225/234/237/249/252/255/261/271/273/274/275/306/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/405/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/456/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/501/510/511/513/534/537/705/714/717/726/738/741/744/747/751/753/756/765/766/771/1185/1224; 27/30/42/51/54/60/63/69/72/75/78/114/126/129/133/135/138/147/156/159/177/180/195/201/207/216/222/225/234/2 37/249/252/255/261/271/273/274/275/306/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/40 5/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/456/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/501/510/511/513/552/601/924/126 3/1269;27/30/42/51/54/60/63/69/72/75/78/114/126/129/133/135/138/147/156/159/177/180/195/201/207/216/222/22 5/234/237/249/252/255/261/271/273/274/275/306/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/405/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/456/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/783/1185/1224; 27/30/42/51/54/60/63/69/72/75/78/114/126/129/133/135/138/147/156/159/177/180/195/201/207/216/222/225/234/2 37/249/252/255/261/271/273/274/275/306/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/40 5/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/456/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/501/510/511/513/534/537/1185/12 24; 120/279/510/1185/1224;138/150/783/1143/1146/1155/1263/1269; 171/279/510/1185/1224; 207/279/510/1152/1185/1224; 207/279/510/1185/1224; 219/279/510/607/771/1185/1224; 279/328/330/510/642/645/648; 279/483/510; 279/483/510/567/1029/1185/1224; 279/483/510/606/1185/1224; 279/483/510/771/783/1173/1185/1224; 279/483/510/1185/1224/1266; 279/510; 279/510/570/573/576/579/580/583/600/601/603/607/625/627/642/645/648/663/771/783/1170/1185/1224; 279/510/511/1023/1029/1035/1038/1054/1055/1095; 279/510/552/570/573/576/579/580/583/600/601/603/607/1185/1224; 279/510/552/625/627/1185/1224; 279/510/552/735/1185/1224; 279/510/552/1185/1224; 279/510/558/1185/1224; 279/510/570/573/576/579/580/583/600/601/603/607/625/627/642/645/648/663/771/783/1170/1185/1224; 279/510/570/1185/1224; 279/510/580/1185/1224; 279/510/600/601/603/607/625/627/642/645/648/1194/1200; 279/510/625/627/642/645/648/783/1011/1018/1020/1023/1054/1055/1233/1239/1242; 279/510/625/627/696; 279/510/642/645/648/663/1185/1224; 279/510/657/783; 279/510/663/1054/1055/1194/1200; 279/510/675/1185/1224/1269; 279/510/684/687/978; 279/510/684/792/1185/1224; 279/510/705/1185/1224; 279/510/726; 279/510/753/1053/1185/1224; 279/510/783/1020/1185/1224; 279/510/783/1128/1185/1224; 279/510/783/1185/1224; 279/510/792; 279/510/873; 279/510/885/894/903/906/912/915/921/924/927/936/954/1035/1038; 279/510/906/1185/1224; 279/510/990/1185/1224; 279/510/1023/1185/1224; 279/510/1086; 279/510/1113/1185/1224; 279/510/1122/1185/1224; 279/510/1185/1224; 585/642/783/924/1263/1269; 783; 783/924/1263/1269; 924; 1185/1224; and/or 1255, wherein the positions are numbered by correspondence with the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some additional embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs comprise polynucleotide sequences comprising at least one mutation and/or mutation set selected from:

a27/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g114/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t207/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c255/t261/c271/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a333/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a405/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g4 67/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/a501/a510/t511/a513/c534/t537/t552/t570/c573/g576/c579/c580/c583/c600/t601/a603/c607/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/a663/c684/g687/a693/c696/t705/c714/g717/c726/c738/a741/a744/t747/t751/a753/g756/g765/t766/t771/c792/c804/c807/a810/c811/a816/c822/a825/t834/g837/a840/g846/t849/g852/c858/c8 85/c894/a903/a906/c912/g915/a921/c924/c927/t936/t954/t960/g963/c966/t969/c975/a987/c993/c996/g999/g1011/c1 018/t1020/g1023/a1029/g1035/t1038/a1054/g1055/g1083/g1089/a1098/a1107/t1108/g1110/t1113/c1119/a1125/c11 31/t1137/c1146/g1149/c1155/t1182/t1185/a1194/c1200/a1209/g1215/a1218/a1221/a1233/t1239/a1242/t1245/c1248/a1254/t1266/a1272/g1275/c1279/g1281/a1284/t1287/c1293/t1308/t1312/g1314; a27/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g114/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t207/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c255/t261/c271/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a333/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a405/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g4 67/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/a501/a510/t511/a513/c534/t537/t552/t570/c573/g576/c579/c580/c583/c600/t601/a603/c607/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/a663/c684/g687/a693/c696/t705/a741/a744/t747/t751/a753/g756/g765/t766/t771/c792/c804/c807/a810/c811/a816/c822/a825/t834/g837/a840/g846/t849/g852/c858/c885/c894/a903/a906/c912/g915/a921/c924/c927/t936/t954/t960/g963/c966/t969/c975/a987/c993/c996/g999/g1011/c1018/t1020/g1023/a1 029/g1035/t1038/a1054/g1055/g1083/g1089/a1098/a1107/t1108/g1110/t1113/c1119/a1125/c1131/t1137/c1146/g11 49/c1155/t1182/t1185/a1194/c1200/a1209/g1215/a1218/a1221/a1233/t1239/a1242/t1245/c1248/a1254/t1266/a1272/g1275/c1279/g1281/a1284/t1287/c1293/t1308/t1312/g1314;a27/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g114/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t207/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c255/t261/c271/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a333/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a4 05/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g467/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/a510/t511/a513/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/t1047/a1054/g1055/a1095/a1194/c1200;a27/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g1 14/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t207/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c25 5/t261/c271/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a333/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a405/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g467/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/a501/a5 10/t511/a513/c534/t537/t705/c714/g717/c726/c738/a741/a744/t747/t751/a753/g756/g765/t766/t771/t1185/t1224;a2 7/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g114/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t2 07/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c255/t261/c271/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a33 3/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a405/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g467/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/a501/a510/t511/a513/t552/t601/c924/t1263/a1269; a27/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g114/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t207/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c255/t261/c271/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a333/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a405/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g4 67/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/g783/t1185/t1224;a27/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g114/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t207/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c255/t261/c2 71/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a333/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a40 5/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g467/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/a501/a510/t511/a513/c534/t537/t1185/t1224; t120/t279/a510/t1185/t1224; c138/t150/g783/t1143/c1146/c1155/t1263/a1269; t171/t279/a510/t1185/t1224; t207/t279/a510/t1152/t1185/t1224; t207/t279/a510/t1185/t1224; a219/t279/a510/c607/t771/t1185/t1224; t279/t328/g330/a510/a642/a645/c648; t279/t483/a510; t279/t483/a510/a567/a1029/t1185/t1224; t279/t483/a510/a606/t1185/t1224; t279/t483/a510/t771/g783/t1173/t1185/t1224; t279/t483/a510/t1185/t1224/t1266; t279/a510; t279/a510/t570/c573/g576/c579/c580/c583/c600/t601/a603/c607/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/a663/t771/g783/t1170/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t511/g1023/a1029/g1035/t1038/a1054/g1055/a1095; t279/a510/t552/t570/c573/g576/c579/c580/c583/c600/t601/a603/c607/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t552/c625/a627/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t552/t735/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t552/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t558/t1185/t1224;t279/a510/t570/c573/g576/c579/c580/c583/c600/t601/a603/c607/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/a663/t771/g783/t1170/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t570/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/c580/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/c600/t601/a603/c607/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/a1194/c1200; t279/a510/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/g783/g1011/c1018/t1020/g1023/a1054/g1055/a1233/t1239/a1242; t279/a510/c625/a627/c696; t279/a510/a642/a645/c648/a663/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t657/g783; t279/a510/a663/a1054/g1055/a1194/c1200; t279/a510/c675/t1185/t1224/a1269; t279/a510/c684/g687/t978; t279/a510/c684/c792/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t705/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/c726; t279/a510/a753/t1053/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/g783/t1020/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/g783/t1128/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/g783/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/c792; t279/a510/t873; t279/a510/c885/c894/a903/a906/c912/g915/a921/c924/c927/t936/t954/g1035/t1038; t279/a510/a906/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t990/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/g1023/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/a1086; t279/a510/t1113/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t1122/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t1185/t1224; g585/a642/g783/c924/t1263/a1269; g783; g783/c924/t1263/a1269; c924; t1185/t1224; and/or t1255; wherein the positions are numbered by correspondence with the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some still further embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs comprise polynucleotide sequences comprising at least one mutation and/or mutation set selected from:

a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t78c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t252a/c255t/t261c/c271t/g273a/a274t/g275c/c3 06t/c307t/t309g/a318t/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t366c/g381a/g384a/g399a/t403c/a405t/c4 11t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c471g/t477c/t483a/t486c/t489a/g495t/a50 1c/a510t/t511c/a513g/c534t/t537a/t552c/t570a/c573t/g576a/c579g/c580t/c583t/c600a/t601c/a603t/c607t/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/a663t/c684t/g687a/a693g/c696a/t705a/c714t/g717a/c726t/c738a/a741c/a744g/t747c/t751c/a75 3g/g756a/g765c/t766c/t771c/c792a/c804t/c807a/a810t/c811t/a816g/c822t/a825c/t834c/g837a/a840g/g846c/t849c/g8 52a/c858t/c885t/c894t/a903g/a906t/c912t/g915a/a921g/c924t/c927t/t936c/t954c/t960c/g963a/c966t/t969c/c975t/a98 7t/c993t/c996t/g999t/g1011t/c1018a/t1020a/g1023a/a1029t/g1035t/t1038a/a1054t/g1055c/g1083t/g1089t/a1098t/a1 107g/t1108c/g1110a/t1113c/c1119t/a1125g/c1131t/t1137c/c1146t/g1149a/c1155t/t1182c/t1185c/a1194c/c1200t/a12 09g/g1215a/a1218g/a1221g/a1233g/t1239a/a1242g/t1245c/c1248t/a1254t/t1266a/a1272g/g1275a/c1279t/g1281a/a1 284g/t1287c/c1293t/t1308c/t1312c/g1314a;a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t78c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t25 2a/c255t/t261c/c271t/g273a/a274t/g275c/c306t/c307t/t309g/a318g/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t366c/g381a/g384a/g399a/t403c/a405t/c411t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c471g/t477c/t483a/t486c/t489a/g495t/a501c/a510t/t511c/a513g/c534t/t537a/t552c/t570a/c573t/g576a/c579g/c580t/c583t/c600a/t601c/a603t/c607t/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/a663t/c684t/g687a/a693g/c696a/t705a/a741c/a744g/t747c/t751c/a753g/g756a/g765c/t766c/t771c/c792a/c804t/c807a/a810t/c811t/a816g/c822t/a825c/t834c/g837a/a840g/g846c/t849c/g852a/c858t/c885t/c894t/a903g/a906t/c912t/g915a/a921g/c924t/c927t/t936c/t954c/t960c/g963a/c966t/t969c/c975t/a987t/c993t/c996t/g999t/g1011t/c1018a/t1020a/g1023a/a1029t/g1035t/t1038a/a1054t/g1055c/g1083t/g1089t/a1098t/a1107g/t1108c/g1110a/t1113c/c1119t/a1125g/c1131t/t1137c/c1146t/g1149a/c1155t/t1182c/t1185c/a1194c/c1200t/a1209g/g1215a/a1218g/a1221g/a1233g/t1239a/a1242g/t1245c/c1248t/a1254t/t1266a/a1272g/g1275a/c1279t/g1281a/a1284g/t1287c/c1293t/t1308c/t1312c/g1314a; a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t78c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t252a/c255t/t261c/c271t/g273a/a274t/g275c/c3 06t/c307t/t309g/a318g/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t366c/g381a/g384a/g399a/t403c/a405t/c4 11t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c471g/t477c/t483a/t486c/t489a/g495t/a51 0t/t511c/a513g/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/t1047c/a1054t/g1055c/a1095g/a1194c/c1200t; a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t78c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t252a/c255t/t261c/c271t/g273a/a274t/g275c/c3 06t/c307t/t309g/a318g/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t366c/g381a/g384a/g399a/t403c/a405t/c4 11t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c471g/t477c/t483a/t486c/t489a/g495t/a50 1c/a510t/t511c/a513g/c534t/t537a/t705a/c714t/g717a/c726t/c738a/a741c/a744g/t747c/t751c/a753g/g756a/g765c/t76 6c/t771c/t1185c/t1224c;a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t78c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t252a/c255t/t261c/c27 1t/g273a/a274t/g275c/c306t/c307t/t309g/a318g/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t366c/g381a/g38 4a/g399a/t403c/a405t/c411t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c471g/t477c/t483a/t486c/t489a/g495t/a501c/a510t/t511c/a513g/t552c/t601c/c924t/t1263a/a1269g; a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t78c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t252a/c255t/t261c/c271t/g273a/a274t/g275c/c3 06t/c307t/t309g/a318g/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t366c/g381a/g384a/g399a/t403c/a405t/c4 11t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c471g/t477c/t483a/t486c/t489a/g495t/g78 3a/t1185c/t1224c;a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t78c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t252a/c255t/t261c/c271t/g27 3a/a274t/g275c/c306t/c307t/t309g/a318g/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t366c/g381a/g384a/g39 9a/t403c/a405t/c411t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c471g/t477c/t483a/t486c/t489a/g495t/a501c/a510t/t511c/a513g/c534t/t537a/t1185c/t1224c; t120c/t279c/a510t/t1185c/t1224c; c138a/t150a/g783a/t1143g/c1146t/c1155a/t1263a/a1269g;t171c/t279c/a510t/t1185c/t1224c; t207c/t279c/a510t/t1152c/t1185c/t1224c; t207c/t279c/a510t/t1185c/t1224c; a219g/t279c/a510t/c607t/t771c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/t328c/g330c/a510t/a642t/a645g/c648t; t279c/t483a/a510t; t279c/t483c/a510t/a567g/a1029t/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/t483c/a510t/a606g/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/t483a/a510t/t771c/g783a/t1173c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/t483c/a510t/t1185c/t1224c/t1266c; t279c/a510t;t279c/a510t/t570a/c573t/g576a/c579g/c580t/c583t/c600a/t601c/a603t/c607t/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/a663t/t771c/g783a/t1170c/t1185c/t1224c;t279c/a510t/t511c/g1023a/a1029t/g1035t/t1038a/a1054t/g1055c/a109 5g; t279c/a510t/t552c/t570a/c573t/g576a/c579g/c580t/c583t/c600a/t601c/a603t/c607t/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t552c/c625t/a627g/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t552c/t735c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t552c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t558c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t570a/c573t/g576a/c579g/c580t/c583t/c600a/t601c/a603t/c607t/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/a663t/t771c/g783a/t1170c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t570c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/c580t/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/c600a/t601c/a603t/c607t/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/a1194c/c1200t; t279c/a510t/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/g783a/g1011t/c1018a/t1020a/g1023a/a1054t/g1055c/a1233g/t1239a/a1 242g; t279c/a510t/c625t/a627g/c696a; t279c/a510t/a642t/a645g/c648t/a663t/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t657c/g783a; t279c/a510t/a663t/a1054t/g1055c/a1194c/c1200t; t279c/a510t/c675t/t1185c/t1224c/a1269g; t279c/a510t/c684t/g687a/t978c; t279c/a510t/c684t/c792a/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t705c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/c726t; t279c/a510t/a753g/t1053c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/g783a/t1020c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/g783a/t1128c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/g783a/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/c792a; t279c/a510t/t873c; t279c/a510t/c885t/c894t/a903g/a906t/c912t/g915a/a921g/c924t/c927t/t936c/t954c/g1035t/t1038a; t279c/a510t/a906g/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t990c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/g1023a/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/a1086g; t279c/a510t/t1113c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t1122g/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t1185c/t1224c; g585a/a642g/g783a/c924t/t1263a/a1269g; g783a; g783a/c924t/t1263a/a1269g; c924t; t1185c/t1224c; and/or t1255c, wherein the positions are numbered by correspondence with the polynucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

The present invention also provides isolated xylose isomerase variants that are chimeras comprised of at least two xylose isomerase fragments obtained from Ruminococcus, Clostridium, Abiotrophia, and/or Phytophthora. In some embodiments, the isolated xylose isomerase variant is a chimera comprised of at least two xylose isomerase fragments obtained from R. flavefaciens, C. phytofermentans, A. defectiva, Ruminococcus s. 18P13, and P. infestans. In some further embodiments, the isolated xylose isomerase chimeric variants comprise xylose isomerase fragments comprising at least a portion of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, and/or 10.

The present invention also provides isolated chimeric xylose isomerase variants, wherein the variants are mature forms having xylose isomerase activity and comprise at least one mutation and/or mutation set at position(s) selected from:

3/5/8/11/13/14/15/16/18/19/22/24/27/28/30/31/32/33/38/42/45/46/50/51/52/53/54/61/62/64/67/68/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/96/101/104/107/108/109/110/112/115/116/119/120/121/125/128/130/131/132/140/141/143/144/148/149/153/154/155/160/161/163/172/173/180/199/236/273/275/282/283/284/285/288/289/292/299/307/310/311/3 12/323/325/328/330/333/339/342/344/346/349/352/353/355/359;5/8/11/13/15/16/19/22/29/33/36/39/40/41/64/70/71/89/96/112/115/119/126/129/130/131/132/180/219/220/266/269/273/275/277/281/282/285/288/292/306/311/312/31 3/314/315/317/318/320/323/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/423/426/429/437/438; 5/8/11/13/15/16/19/22/29/33/36/39/40/41/64/70/71/89/96/112/115/126/129/130/131/132/180/281/285/288/299/364/365/368/372/378/380/381/388/389/393/397/402/404/417/419/426/435/437; 2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/249/257/273/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/4 01/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438; 2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/18/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/335/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/3 93/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438; 2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/206/219/220/223/249/257/273/277/281/282/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/3 72/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/42 6/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/249/273/277/281/282/2 85/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/37 0/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;3/5/8/11/13/15/16/18/19/22/24/27/28/30/31/32/33/38/42/45/46/50/51/52/53/54/61/62/64/67/6 8/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/96/101/104/107/108/109/110/112/113/115/116/119/120/121/125/128/130/1 31/132/140/141/143/144/148/149/153/154/155/160/161/163/172/173/180/198/199/200/201/203/204/206/208/236/24 4/247/248/253/262/273/275/282/283/284/285/288/289/292/299/307/310/311/312/323/325/328/330/333/339/342/344/346/349/352/353/355/359/364/365/366/368/373/375/376/378/380/381/382/385/387/388/389/390/393/394/396/397/398/399/401/402/403/404/406/407/410/412/414/415/416/418/419/420/426/428/429/430/431/433/434/437/438; 2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/244/247/248/253/262/273/275/282/283/284/285/288/289/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/364/365/366/368/369/370/3 72/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/42 6/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/1 28/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/198/199/223/236/273/277/281/28 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2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/257/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/373/3 77/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/42 9/434/437/438;2/3/5/6/7/8/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/1 29/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/219/257/292/311/312/31 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2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/273/275/416; 3/5/8/11/13/15/16/18/19/22/24/27/28/30/31/32/33/38/42/45/46/50/51/52/53/54/61/62/64/67/68/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/96/101/104/107/108/109/110/112/115/116/119/120/121/125/128/130/131/132/140/141/143/144/148/149/153/154/155/160/161/163/172/173/180/198/199/200/201/203/204/206/208/236/244/247/248/253/262/273/275/282/283/284/285/288/289/292/299/307/310/311/312/323/325/328/330/333/339/342/344/346/349/352/353/355/359/3 64/365/366/368/373/375/376/378/380/381/382/385/387/388/389/390/393/394/396/397/398/399/401/402/403/404/40 6/407/410/412/414/415/416/418/419/420/426/428/429/430/431/433/434/437/438; 3/5/8/11/13/15/16/18/19/22/24/27/28/30/31/32/33/38/42/45/46/50/51/52/53/54/61/62/64/67/68/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/96/101/104/107/108/109/110/112/115/116/119/120/121/125/128/130/131/132/140/141/143/144/148/149/153/154/155/160/161/163/172/173/180/198/199/200/201/203/204/206/208/236/244/247/248/253/262/273/275/282/A283/284/285/288/289/292/299/307/310/311/312/323/A325/328/330/333/A339/342/344/346/349/352/353/A35 5/A359/364/365/A366/368/373/375/376/378/380/A381/382/A385/387/388/389/390/A393/394/396/A397/398/399/4 01/402/A403/404/406/407/410/412/414/415/416/418/419/420/426/428/429/430/431/433/434/437/438; 236/244/247/248/253/262/273/275/282/283/284/285/288/289/292; 2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/208/219/220/223/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/334/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/3 74/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/42 2/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/6 6/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/1 21/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/273/277/281/28 2/285/288/292/299/300;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/6 6/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/1 21/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/223/273/275/282/283/28 4/285/288/289/292/299;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/15/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/6 4/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/12 0/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/257/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/325/339/345/346/347/350/352/A359/36 4/365/A366/368/369/370/372/377;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/223/273/275/2 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2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/146/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/249/257/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/3 72/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/42 6/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/1 29/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/273/275/282/283/28 4/285/288/289/292/299;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/6 6/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/1 21/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/223/249/257/273/277/28 1/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/42/45/46/50/51/52/53/54/61/62/6 4/67/68/70/71/72/73/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/96/101/104/107/108/109/110/112/115/116/119/120/121/125/128/130/131/132/140/141/143/144/148/149/153/154/155/160/161/163/172/173/180/198/199/219/236/244/247/248/253/262/2 73/275/282/283/284/285/288/289/292/299/307/310/311/312/323/325/328/330/333/339/342/344/346/349/352/353/35 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2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/236/244/247/248/253/262/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/349/350/352/359/364/365/366/3 68/369/370/372/377/381;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/249/299/3 00/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/38 8/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/35/36/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/7 5/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/236;28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/5 4/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/219/2 20/249/299/300/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/S109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/219/220/223/249/257/299/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/3 45/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/40 4/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/3 8/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/1 09/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/16 6/169/172/173/175/180/219/220/223/249/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/378/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;5/8/11/13/15/16/19/22/29/33/36/39/40/41/64/70/71/89/96/112/115/126/129/130/131/132/180/198/199/24/247/248/253/273/275/282/283/284/285/288/289/292/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/387/388;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/6 6/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/1 21/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/1 55/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/247/248/253/273/277/281/282/285/288/311/312/313/314/315/31 7/318/319/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/9 6/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140N/141/1 43/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/253/273/275;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/3 3/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/106/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/123/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/1 66/169/172/173/175/180/249/257/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/33 9/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/3 2/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/1 10/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/16 9/172/173/175/198/199/219/220/223/249/257/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/3 8/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/299;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/199/236/244/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/3 88/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/43 8;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/1 32/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/183/198/199/219/220/257/311/312/313/314/31 5/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438; 372; 5/8/11/13/15/16/19/22/29/33/36/39/40/41/64/70/71/89/96/112/115/126/129/130/131/132/180/198/199/219/220/236/249/257/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/3 65/366/368/369/370/372/377/381/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/41 6/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/1 16/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/198/19 9/273/277/281/282/285/288/292/299/300/311/312/313/314/315/317/318/320/323/328/339/345/346/347/350/352/359/364/365/366/368/369/370/387/388/393/394/396/397/399/400/401/402/403/404/407/409/411/412/413/415/416/417/418/419/420/426/429/434/437/438;2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/288/289/292; and/or 2/3/5/7/8/9/10/11/13/16/19/21/22/27/28/29/30/32/33/38/41/42/51/52/53/54/56/58/61/62/64/66/68/70/71/74/75/76/84/87/89/92/94/95/96/101/103/104/107/108/109/110/111/112/113/114/115/116/118/119/120/121/128/129/130/131/132/134/140/141/143/152/155/156/162/163/166/169/172/173/175/180/253/273/275, wherein the positions are numbered by correspondence with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

The present invention also provides isolated chimeric xylose isomerase variants, wherein the variant are mature forms having xylose isomerase activity and comprise at least one mutation and/or one mutation set selected from:

F3/S5/G8/Q11/Q13/G14/P15/K16/T18/D19/S22/K24/N27/P28/E30/V31/I32/N33/R38/K42/L45/S46/T50/M51/G52/G53/D54/C61/G62/T64/T67/W68/Q70/S71/D72/P73/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y96/R101/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/A112/D115/Q116/I119/V120/T121/K125/Q128/D130/K131/F132/K140/C141/D143/H144/M148/H149/T153/S154/P155/F160/A161/S163/E172/S173/N180/M199/T236/Q273/T275/V282/A283/R284/D285/V288/F289/I292/V299/Q307/T310/N311/I312/I323/A325/F328/N330/L333/A339/G342/F344/P346/I349/S352/Y353/A35 5/A359;S5/G8/Q11/Q13/P15/K16/D19/S22/E29/N33/T36/E39/H40/L41/T64/Q70/S71/D89/Y96/A112/D115/I119/E126/G129/D130/K131/F132/N180/S219/I220/A266/A269/Q273/T275/Q277/R281/V282/D285/V288/I292/D306/N3 11/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/R423/M426/S429/S437/L438;S5/G8/Q11/Q13/P15/K16/D19/S22/E29/N33/T36/E39/H40/L41/T64/Q70/S71/D89/Y96/A112/D115/E126/G129/D130/K131/F132/N180/R281/D285/V288/V299/F364/R365/L368/E372/K378/V380/A381/N388/T389/A393/A397/F402/S404/A417/L419/M426/L435/S437; E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/S219/I220/K223/G249/D257/Q273/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438;E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q1 1/Q13/K16/T18/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T6 4/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/Q273/Q277/R281/V282/D285/V288/I292/V299/L300/N3 11/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/F335/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438;E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G15 2/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/N198/M199/M206/S219/I220/K223/G249/D257/Q27 3/Q277/R281/V282/I292/V299/L300/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438;E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G5 2/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S10 4/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F13 2/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/N198/M199/G249/Q27 3/Q277/R281/V282/D285/V288/I292/V299/L300/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438;F3/S5/G8/Q11/Q13/P15/K16/T18/D19/S22/K24/N27/P28/E30/V31/I32/N33/R38/K42/L45/S46/T50/M51/G52/G53/D54/C61/G62/T64/T67/W68/Q70/S71/D72/P73/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y96/R101/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/A112/T113/D115/Q116/I119/V120/T121/K125/Q128/D130/K131/F132/K140/C141/D143/H144/M148/H149/T153/S154/P155/F160/A161/S163/E172/S173/N180/N198/M199/G200/L201/L203/D204/M206/R208/T236/T244/V247/L248/K253/M262/Q273/T275/V282/A283/R284/D285/V288/F289/I292/V299/Q307/T310/N311/I312/I323/A325/F328/N330/L333/A339/G342/F344/P346/I349/S352/Y353/A355/A359/F364/R3 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9/L370/E372/D377/A381/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E41 1/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438; E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/N198/M199/Q273/Q277/R281/V282/D285/V288/I292/V299/L300/N311/I312/Y313/D314/T315/M317/C318/Y320/I323/F328/A339/T345/P346/E347/F350/S352/A359/F364/R365/A366/L368/K369/L370/W387/N388/A393/D394/I396/A397/K399/A400/D401/F402/A403/S404/K407/A409/E411/K412/G413/V415/T416/A417/S418/L419/S420/M426/S429/V434/S437/L438; E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/V288/F289/I292; and/or E2/F3/S5/I7/G8/K9/I10/Q11/Q13/K16/D19/L21/S22/N27/P28/E29/E30/I32/N33/R38/L41/K42/M51/G52/G53/D54/T56/M58/C61/G62/T64/K66/W68/Q70/S71/A74/A75/R76/A84/I87/D89/S92/D94/Y95/Y96/R101/L103/S104/Y107/G108/S109/L110/K111/A112/T113/N114/D115/Q116/D118/I119/V120/T121/Q128/G129/D130/K131/F132/C134/K140/C141/D143/G152/P155/S156/F162/S163/Q166/K169/E172/S173/V175/N180/K253/Q273/T275, wherein the positions are numbered by correspondence with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides isolated chimeric xylose isomerase variants, wherein the variants are mature forms having xylose isomerase activity and comprise at least one mutation and/or mutation set selected from:

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S5K/G8S/Q11P/Q13E/P15K/K16D/D19N/S22A/E29D/N33D/T36K/E39D/H40I/L41M/T64A/Q70E/S71N/D89Q/Y96F/A112D/D115A/E126A/G129A/D130E/K131T/F132L/N180T/R281C/D285T/V288A/V299P/F364Y/R365K/L3 68S/E372A/K378S/V380I/A381S/N388S/T389E/A393L/A397S/F402M/S404A/A417D/L419S/M426L/L435I/S437N;E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438-; 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and/or E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/C61V/G62T/T64V/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/K1 40N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/K253Q/Q2 73G/T275S, wherein the positions are numbered by correspondence with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

The present invention also provides isolated chimeric xylose variants, wherein the variants are mature forms having xylose isomerase activity and comprise at least one insertion set selected from: 131G132/436G437; 1S2/69L70/127M128/436G437; 2N3/69L70/127M128/436G437; 2S3/70I71/131G132; and/or 2Y3/70I71/131G132, wherein the positions are numbered by correspondence with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

The present invention further provides isolated chimeric xylose isomerase variants, wherein the variants are mature forms having xylose isomerase activity and comprise about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 71%, about 72%, about 73%, about 74%, about 75%, about 76%, about 77%, about 78%, about 79%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:2.

In some embodiments, the isolated chimeric xylose isomerase variants provided herein are mature forms having xylose isomerase activity and comprise at least one mutation and/or mutation set in the polynucleotide sequence encoding the variants, wherein the at least one mutation and/or mutation set comprises positions selected from

27/30/42/51/54/60/63/69/72/75/78/114/126/129/133/135/138/147/156/159/177/180/195/201/207/216/222/225/234/2 37/249/252/255/261/271/273/274/275/306/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/40 5/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/456/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/501/510/511/513/534/537/552/570/573/576/579/580/583/600/601/603/607/625/627/642/645/648/663/684/687/693/696/705/714/717/726/738/741/744/747/751/753/756/765/766/771/792/804/807/810/811/816/822/825/834/837/840/846/849/852/858/885/894/903/906/9 12/915/921/924/927/936/954/960/963/966/969/975/987/993/996/999/1011/1018/1020/1023/1029/1035/1038/1054/1 055/1083/1089/1098/1107/1108/1110/1113/1119/1125/1131/1137/1146/1149/1155/1182/1185/1194/1200/1209/121 5/1218/1221/1233/1239/1242/1245/1248/1254/1266/1272/1275/1279/1281/1284/1287/1293/1308/1312/1314; 27/30/42/51/54/60/63/69/72/75/78/114/126/129/133/135/138/147/156/159/177/180/195/201/207/216/222/225/234/2 37/249/252/255/261/271/273/274/275/306/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/40 5/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/456/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/501/510/511/513/534/537/552/570/573/576/579/580/583/600/601/603/607/625/627/642/645/648/663/684/687/693/696/705/741/744/747/751/753/756/765/766/771/792/804/807/810/811/816/822/825/834/837/840/846/849/852/858/885/894/903/906/912/915/921/924/9 27/936/954/960/963/966/969/975/987/993/996/999/1011/1018/1020/1023/1029/1035/1038/1054/1055/1083/1089/1 098/1107/1108/1110/1113/1119/1125/1131/1137/1146/1149/1155/1182/1185/1194/1200/1209/1215/1218/1221/123 3/1239/1242/1245/1248/1254/1266/1272/1275/1279/1281/1284/1287/1293/1308/1312/1314;27/30/42/51/54/60/63/6 9/72/75/78/114/126/129/133/135/138/147/156/159/177/180/195/201/207/216/222/225/234/237/249/252/255/261/27 1/273/274/275/306/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/405/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/456/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/510/511/513/625/627/642/645/648/1047/1054/1055/1095/1194/1200;27/30/42/51/54/60/63/69/72/75/78/114/126/129/133/135/138/147/156/159/177/180/195/201/207/216/222/225/234/237/249/252/255/261/271/273/274/275/306/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/405/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/456/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/501/510/511/513/534/5 37/705/714/717/726/738/741/744/747/751/753/756/765/766/771/1185/1224;27/30/42/51/54/60/63/69/72/75/78/114/126/129/133/13 5/138/147/156/159/177/180/195/201/207/216/222/225/234/237/249/252/255/261/271/273/274/275/3 06/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/405/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/45 6/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/501/510/511/513/552/601/924/1263/1269;27/30/42/51/54/60/63/69/72/75/78/114/126/129/133/135/138/147/156/159/177/180/195/201/207/216/222/225/234/237/249/252/255/261/271/273/27 4/275/306/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/405/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/456/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/783/1185/1224;27/30/42/51/54/60/63/69/72/75/78/114/126/129/13 3/135/138/147/156/159/177/180/195/201/207/216/222/225/234/237/249/252/255/261/271/273/274/275/306/307/309/318/321/324/327/333/339/342/349/360/366/381/384/399/403/405/411/420/426/429/432/435/438/453/456/466/467/468/471/477/483/486/489/495/501/510/511/513/534/537/1185/1224;120/279/510/1185/1224;138/150/783/1143/114 6/1155/1263/1269; 171/279/510/1185/1224; 207/279/510/1152/1185/1224; 207/279/510/1185/1224; 219/279/510/607/771/1185/1224;279/328/330/510/642/645/648; 279/483/510; 279/483/510/567/1029/1185/1224; 279/483/510/606/1185/1224; 279/483/510/771/783/1173/1185/1224; 279/483/510/1185/1224/1266; 279/510; 279/510/570/573/576/579/580/583/600/601/603/607/625/627/642/645/648/663/771/783/1170/185/1224; 279/510/511/1023/1029/1035/1038/1054/1055/1095;279/510/552/570/573/576/579/580/583/600/601/603/607/1185/1224; 279/510/552/625/627/1185/1224; 279/510/552/735/1185/1224; 279/510/552/1185/1224; 279/510/558/1185/1224;279/510/570/573/576/579/580/583/600/601/603/607/625/627/642/645/648/663/771/783/11 70/1185/1224; 279/510/570/1185/1224; 279/510/580/1185/1224; 279/510/600/601/603/607/625/627/642/645/648/1194/1200; 279/510/625/627/642/645/648/783/1011/1018/1020/1023/1054/1055/1233/1239/1242; 279/510/625/627/696; 279/510/642/645/648/663/1185/1224; 279/510/657/783; 279/510/663/1054/1055/1194/1200; 279/510/675/1185/1224/1269; 279/510/684/687/978; 279/510/684/792/1185/1224; 279/510/705/1185/1224; 279/510/726; 279/510/753/1053/1185/1224; 279/510/783/1020/1185/1224; 279/510/783/1128/1185/1224; 279/510/783/1185/1224; 279/510/792; 279/510/873; 279/510/885/894/903/906/912/915/921/924/927/936/954/1035/1038; 279/510/906/1185/1224; 279/510/990/1185/1224; 279/510/1023/1185/1224; 279/510/1086; 279/510/1113/1185/1224; 279/510/1122/1185/1224; 279/510/1185/1224; 585/642/783/924/1263/1269; 783; 783/924/1263/1269; 924; 1185/1224; and/or 1255, wherein the positions are numbered by correspondence with the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, the isolated chimeric xylose isomerase variants provided herein are mature forms having xylose isomerase activity and comprise at least one mutation and/or mutation set in the polynucleotide sequences encoding the variants, wherein the at least one mutation and/or mutation set comprises mutation(s) and/or mutation sets selected from:

a27/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g114/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t207/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c255/t261/c271/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a333/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a405/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g4 67/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/a501/a510/t511/a513/c534/t537/t552/t570/c573/g576/c579/c580/c583/c600/t601/a603/c607/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/a663/c684/g687/a693/c696/1705/c714/g717/c726/c738/a741/a744/t747/t751/a753/g756/g765/t766/t771/c792/c804/c807/a810/c811/a816/c822/a825/t834/g837/a840/g846/t849/g852/c858/c8 85/c894/a903/a906/c912/g915/a921/c924/c927/t936/t954/t960/g963/c966/t969/c975/a987/c993/c996/g999/g1011/c1 018/t1020/g1023/a1029/g1035/t1038/a1054/g1055/g1083/g1089/a1098/a1107/t1108/g1110/t1113/c1119/a1125/c11 31/t1137/c1146/g1149/c1155/t1182/t1185/a1194/c1200/a1209/g1215/a1218/a1221/a1233/t1239/a1242/t1245/c1248/a1254/t1266/a1272/g1275/c1279/g1281/a1284/t1287/c1293/t1308/t1312/g1314; a27/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g114/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t207/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c255/t261/c271/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a333/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a405/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g4 67/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/a501/a510/t511/a513/c534/t537/t552/t570/c573/g576/c579/c580/c583/c600/t601/a603/c607/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/a663/c684/g687/a693/c696/t705/a741/a744/t747/t751/a753/g756/g765/t766/t771/c792/c804/c807/a810/c811/a816/c822/a825/t834/g837/a840/g846/t849/g852/c858/c885/c894/a903/a906/c912/g915/a921/c924/c927/t936/t954/t960/g963/c966/t969/c975/a987/c993/c996/g999/g1011/c1018/t1020/g1023/a1 029/g1035/t1038/a1054/g1055/g1083/g1089/a1098/a1107/t1108/g1110/t1113/c1119/a1125/c1131/t1137/c1146/g11 49/c1155/t1182/t1185/a1194/c1200/a1209/g1215/a1218/a1221/a1233/t1239/a1242/t1245/c1248/a1254/t1266/a1272/g1275/c1279/g1281/a1284/t1287/c1293/t1308/t1312/g1314;a27/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g114/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t207/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c255/t261/c271/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a333/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a4 05/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g467/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/a510/t511/a513/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/t1047/a1054/g1055/a1095/a1194/c1200;a27/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g1 14/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t207/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c25 5/t261/c271/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a333/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a405/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g467/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/a501/a5 10/t511/a513/c534/t537/t705/c714/g717/c726/c738/a741/a744/t747/t751/a753/g756/g765/t766/t771/t1185/t1224; a27/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g114/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t207/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c255/t261/c271/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a333/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a405/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g4 67/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/a501/a510/t511/a513/t552/t601/c924/t1263/a1269; a27/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g114/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t207/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c255/t261/c271/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a333/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a405/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g4 67/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/g783/t1185/t1224; a27/c30/t42/c51/a54/t60/g63/t69/a72/t75/t78/g114/a126/c129/c133/a135/c138/c147/t156/c159/c177/a180/c195/c201/t207/c216/g222/a225/g234/c237/t249/t252/c255/t261/c271/g273/a274/g275/c306/c307/t309/a318/t321/c324/c327/a333/c339/t342/c349/t360/t366/g381/g384/g399/t403/a405/c411/a420/t426/t429/c432/c435/g438/a453/a456/a466/g4 67/t468/c471/t477/t483/t486/t489/g495/a501/a510/t511/a513/c534/t537/t1185/t1224; t120/t279/a510/t1185/t1224; c138/t150/g783/t1143/c1146/c1155/t1263/a1269; t171/t279/a510/t1185/t1224; t207/t279/a510/t1152/t1185/t1224; t207/t279/a510/t1185/t1224; a219/t279/a510/c607/t771/t1185/t1224; t279/t328/g330/a510/a642/a645/c648; t279/t483/a510; t279/t483/a510/a567/a1029/t1185/t1224; t279/t483/a510/a606/t1185/t1224; t279/t483/a510/t771/g783/t1173/t1185/t1224; t279/t483/a510/t1185/t1224/t1266; t279/a510; t279/a510/t570/c573/g576/c579/c580/c583/c600/t601/a603/c607/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/a663/t771/g783/t1170/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t511/g1023/a1029/g1035/t1038/a1054/g1055/a1095; t279/a510/t552/t570/c573/g576/c579/c580/c583/c600/t601/a603/c607/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t552/c625/a627/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t552/t735/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t552/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t558/t1185/t1224;t279/a510/t570/c573/g576/c579/c580/c583/c600/t601/a603/c607/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/a663/t771/g783/t1170/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t570/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/c580/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/c600/t601/a603/c607/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/a1194/c1200; t279/a510/c625/a627/a642/a645/c648/g783/g1011/c1018/t1020/g1023/a1054/g1055/a1233/t1239/a1242; t279/a510/c625/a627/c696; t279/a510/a642/a645/c648/a663/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t657/g783; t279/a510/a663/a1054/g1055/a1194/c1200; t279/a510/c675/t1185/t1224/a1269; t279/a510/c684/g687/t978; t279/a510/c684/c792/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t705/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/c726; t279/a510/a753/t1053/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/g783/t1020/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/g783/t1128/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/g783/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/c792; t279/a510/t873; t279/a510/c885/c894/a903/a906/c912/g915/a921/c924/c927/t936/t954/g1035/t1038; t279/a510/a906/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t990/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/g1023/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/a1086; t279/a510/t1113/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t1122/t1185/t1224; t279/a510/t1185/t1224; g585/a642/g783/c924/t1263/a1269; g783; g783/c924/t1263/a1269; c924;t1185/t1224; and/or t1255; wherein the positions are numbered by correspondence with the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.

The present invention further provides isolated chimeric xylose isomerase variants provided herein, wherein the variants are mature forms having xylose isomerase activity and comprise at least one mutation and/or mutation set in the polynucleotide sequences encoding the variants, wherein the at least one mutation and/or mutation set is selected from:

a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t78c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t252a/c255t/t261c/c271t/g273a/a274t/g275c/c3 06t/c307t/t309g/a318g/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t366c/g381a/g384a/g399a/t403c/a405t/c4 11t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c471g/t477c/t483a/t486c/t489a/g495t/a50 1c/a510t/t511c/a513g/c534t/t537a/t552c/t570a/c573t/g576a/c579g/c580t/c583t/c600a/t601c/a603t/c607t/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/a663t/c684t/g687a/a693g/c696a/t705a/c714t/g717a/c726t/c738a/a741c/a744g/t747c/t751c/a75 3g/g756a/g765c/t766c/t771c/c792a/c804t/c807a/a810t/c811t/a816g/c822t/a825c/t834c/g837a/a840g/g846c/t849c/g8 52a/c858t/c885t/c894t/a903g/a906t/c912t/g915a/a921g/c924t/c927t/t936c/t954c/t960c/g963a/c966t/t969c/c975t/a98 7t/c993t/c996t/g999t/g1011t/c1018a/t1020a/g1023a/a1029t/g1035t/t1038a/a1054t/g1055c/g1083t/g1089t/a1098t/a1 107g/t1108c/g1110a/t1113c/c1119t/a1125g/c1131t/t1137c/c1146t/g1149a/c1155t/t1182c/t1185c/a1194c/c1200t/a12 09g/g1215a/a1218g/a1221g/a1233g/t1239a/a1242g/t1245c/c1248t/a1254t/t1266a/a1272g/g1275a/c1279t/g1281a/a1 284g/t1287c/c1293t/t1308c/t1312c/g1314a;a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t78c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t25 2a/c255t/t261c/c271t/g273a/a274t/g275c/c306t/c307t/t309g/a318g/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t366c/g381a/g384a/g399a/t403c/a405t/c411t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c471g/t477c/t483a/t486c/t489a/g495t/a501c/a510t/t511c/a513g/c534t/t537a/t552c/t570a/c573t/g576a/c579g/c580t/c583t/c600a/t601c/a603t/c607t/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/a663t/c684t/g687a/a693g/c696a/t705a/a741c/a744g/t747c/t751c/a753g/g756a/g765c/t766c/t771c/c792a/c804t/c807a/a810t/c811t/a816g/c822t/a825c/t834c/g837a/a840g/g846c/t849c/g852a/c858t/c885t/c894t/a903g/a906t/c912t/g915a/a921g/c924t/c927t/t936c/t954c/t960c/g963a/c966t/t969c/c975t/a987t/c993t/c996t/g999t/g1011t/c1018a/t1020a/g1023a/a1029t/g1035t/t1038a/a1054t/g1055c/g1083t/g1089t/a1098t/a1107g/t1108c/g1110a/t1113c/c1119t/a1125g/c1131t/t1137c/c1146t/g1149a/c1155t/t1182c/t1185c/a1194c/c1200t/a1209g/g1215a/a1218g/a1221g/a1233g/t1239a/a1242g/t1245c/c1248t/a1254t/t1266a/a1272g/g1275a/c1279t/g1281a/a1284g/t1287c/c1293t/t1308c/t1312c/g1314a;a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t7 8c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t252a/c255t/t261c/c271t/g273a/a274t/g275c/c306t/c307t/t309g/a318g/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t366c/g381a/g384a/g399a/t403c/a405t/c411t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c471g/t477c/t483a/t486c/t489a/g495t/a510t/t511c/a513g/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/t1047c/a1054t/g1055c/a1095g/a1194c/c1200t;a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t78c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t252a/c2 55t/t261c/c271t/g273a/a274t/g275c/c306t/c307t/t309g/a318g/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t36 6c/g381a/g384a/g399a/t403c/a405t/c411t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c47 1g/t477c/t483a/t486c/t489a/g495t/a501c/a510t/t511c/a513g/c534t/t537a/t705a/c714t/g717a/c726t/c738a/a741c/a744g/t747c/t751c/a753g/g756a/g765c/t766c/t771c/t1185c/t1224c;a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t7 8c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t252a/c255t/t261c/c271t/g273a/a274t/g275c/c306t/c307t/t309g/a318g/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t366c/g381a/g384a/g399a/t403c/a405t/c411t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c471g/t477c/t483a/t486c/t489a/g495t/a501c/a510t/t511c/a513g/t552c/t601c/c924t/t1263a/a1269g;a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t78c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t252a/c255t/t261c/c271t/g273a/a274t/g275c/c306t/c307t/t309g/a318g/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t366c/g381a/g384a/g399a/t403c/a405t/c411t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c471g/t477c/t483a/t486c/t489a/g495t/g7 83a/t1185c/t1224c;a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/a54c/t60a/g63a/t69c/a72g/t75c/t78c/g114a/a126g/c129t/c133t/a135g/c138t/c147t/t156a/c159t/c177t/a180c/c195t/c201a/t207c/c216t/g222t/a225t/g234a/c237t/t249c/t252a/c255t/t261c/c271t/g2 73a/a274t/g275c/c306t/c307t/t309g/a318g/t321c/c324t/c327t/a333g/c339a/t342c/c349t/t360c/t366c/g381a/g384a/g3 99a/t403c/a405t/c411t/a420g/t426c/t429c/c432t/c435a/g438a/a453t/a456t/a466t/g467c/t468a/c471g/t477c/t483a/t48 6c/t489a/g495t/a501c/a510t/t511c/a513g/c534t/t537a/t1185c/t1224c; 1120c/t279c/a510t/t1185c/t1224c; c138a/t150a/g783a/t1143g/c1146t/c1155a/t1263a/a1269g; t171c/t279c/a510t/t1185c/t1224c; t207c/t279c/a510t/t1152c/t1185c/t1224c; t207c/t279c/a510t/t1185c/t1224c; a219g/t279c/a510t/c607t/t771c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/t328c/g330c/a510t/a642t/a645g/c648t; t279c/t483a/a510t; t279c/t483c/a510t/a567g/a1029t/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/t483c/a510t/a606g/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/t483a/a510t/t771c/g783a/t1173c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/t483c/a510t/t1185c/t1224c/t1266c; t279c/a510t;t279c/a510t/t570a/c573t/g576a/c579g/c580t/c583t/c600a/t601c/a603t/c607t/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/a663t/t771c/g783a/t1170c/t1185c/t1224c;t279c/a510t/t511c/g1023a/a1029t/g1035t/t1038a/a1054t/g1055c/a109 5g; t279c/a510t/t552c/t570a/c573t/g576a/c579g/c580t/c583t/c600a/t601c/a603t/c607t/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t552c/c625t/a627g/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t552c/t735c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t552c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t558c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t570a/c573t/g576a/c579g/c580t/c583t/c600a/t601c/a603t/c607t/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/a663t/t771c/g783a/t1170c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t570c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/c580t/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/c600a/t601c/a603t/c607t/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/a1194c/c1200t; t279c/a510t/c625t/a627g/a642t/a645g/c648t/g783a/g1011t/c1018a/t1020a/g1023a/a1054t/g1055c/a1233g/t1239a/a1 242g; t279c/a510t/c625t/a627g/c696a; t279c/a510t/a642t/a645g/c648t/a663t/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t657c/g783a; t279c/a510t/a663t/a1054t/g1055c/a1194c/c1200t; t279c/a510t/c675t/t1185c/t1224c/a1269g; t279c/a510t/c684t/g687a/t978c; t279c/a510t/c684t/c792a/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t705c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/c726t; t279c/a510t/a753g/t1053c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/g783a/t1020c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/g783a/t1128c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/g783a/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/c792a; t279c/a510t/t873c; t279c/a510t/c885t/c894t/a903g/a906t/c912t/g915a/a921g/c924t/c927t/t936c/t954c/g1035t/t1038a; t279c/a510t/a906g/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t990c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/g1023a/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/a1086g; t279c/a510t/t1113c/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t1122g/t1185c/t1224c; t279c/a510t/t1185c/t1224c; g585a/a642g/g783a/c924t/t1263a/a1269g; g783a; g783a/c924t/t1263a/a1269g; c924t; t1185c/t1224c; and/or t1255c, wherein the positions are numbered by correspondence with the polynucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

The present invention also provides recombinant fungal host cells comprising polynucleotide sequences that encode a polypeptide that is capable of catalyzing the isomerization of D-xylose directly to D-xylulose, wherein the polynucleotide is a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 60%, at least about 61%, at least about 62%, at least about 63%, at least about 64%, at least about 65%, at least about 66%, at least about 67%, at least about 68%, at least about 69%, at least about 70%, at least about 71%, at least about 72%, at least about 73%, at least about 74%, at least about 75%, at least about 76%, at least about 77%, at least about 78%, at least about 79%, at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 100% identity to SEQ ID NO:23; 25, 27, 29, 31, and/or 33, or a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the complement of a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; 25, 27, 29, 31, and/or 33. In some embodiments, the host cell comprises a polynucleotide sequence encoding a chimeric xylose isomerase variant as provided herein. In some embodiments, the host cell comprises at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant as provided in Table 3-1. In some embodiments, the host cell comprises at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant comprising at least about 60%, at least about 61%, at least about 62%, at least about 63%, at least about 64%, at least about 65%, at least about 66%, at least about 67%, at least about 68%, at least about 69%, at least about 70%, at least about 71%, at least about 72%, at least about 73%, at least about 74%, at least about 75%, at least about 76%, at least about 77%, at least about 78%, at least about 79%, at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 100% identity to at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant provided in Table 3-1. In some embodiments, the host cell comprises a polynucleotide sequence comprising a recombinant nucleic acid construct as provided herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is integrated into the host cell genome. In some embodiments, the host cell is a yeast cell. In some further embodiments, the host cell has had one or more native genes deleted from its genome. In some additional embodiments, the deletion results in one or more phenotypes including increased transport of xylose into the host cell, increased xylulose kinase activity, increased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, decreased sensitivity to catabolite repression, increased tolerance to ethanol, increased tolerance to acetate, increased tolerance to increased osmolarity, increased tolerance to low pH, and/or reduced production of by-products, wherein comparison is made with respect to the corresponding host cell without the deletion(s). In yet some additional embodiments, the host cell is altered to overexpress one or more polynucleotides. In some further embodiments, the overexpression results in one or more phenotypes, including increased transport of xylose into the host cell, increased xylulose kinase activity, increased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, decreased sensitivity to catabolite repression, increased tolerance to ethanol, increased tolerance to acetate, increased tolerance to increased osmolarity, increased tolerance to low pH, and/or reduced product of by products, wherein comparison is made to the corresponding unaltered host cell. In still additional embodiments, the host cell is capable of growth in a xylose-based culture medium. In some further embodiments, the host cell is capable of fermentation in a xylose-based culture medium. In some additional embodiments, the host cell is capable of faster growth in a xylose-based culture medium as compared to wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In still some further embodiments, the xylose-based culture medium is a product from a cellulosic saccharification process and/or a hemicellulosic feedstock.

The present invention also provides methods for producing a fermentation product, wherein the methods comprise: providing the recombinant host cell provided herein; providing a fermentation medium comprising xylose; and contacting the fermentation medium with the recombinant fungal host cell under conditions suitable for generating the fermentation product. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise the step of recovering the fermentation product. In some embodiments, the fermenting step is carried out under microaerobic or aerobic conditions, while in some alternative embodiments, the fermenting step is carried out under anaerobic conditions. In some embodiments, the fermentation product is at least one alcohol, fatty alcohol, fatty acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, acrylic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, amino acid, 1,3-propanediol, ethylene, glycerol, and/or a β-lactam. In some embodiments, the alcohol is ethanol, butanol, and/or a fatty alcohol. In some additional embodiments, the fermentation product is ethanol. In some further embodiments, the fermentation product is a fatty alcohol that is a C8-C20 fatty alcohol. In some embodiments, the fermentation medium comprises product from a saccharification process.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts the two pathways for converting D-xylose to D-xylulose. In one pathway, the D-xylose can be converted to xylitol by xylose reductase (3) or aldoreductase (4). The xylitol can be further converted to D-xylulose with a xylulose reductase (5). In the second pathway, D-xylose is converted directly to D-xylulose with a xylose isomerase (1). The D-xylulose produced from either pathway—can be further converted to D-xylulose-5-P with a xylulokinase (2). The numbers in the figure correspond to the numbers in this description.

FIGS. 2A-C depict the metabolic pathways for converting D-xylulose-5-P to ethanol.

FIG. 2A depicts the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The substrates and products are shown. The enzymes are represented by numbers as follows: 6. Ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase; 7. Transketolase (TKL1); 8. Transaldolase (TAL1); 9. Ribose-5-phosphate ketoisomerase (RKI1); 10. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (GND1); 11. 6-phosphogluconalactonase (SOL3); and 12. Glucose-6-phosphate-1-dehydrogenase (ZWF).

FIG. 2B depicts the pathway of glycolysis. The substrates and products are shown. The enzymes are represented by numbers as follows: 13. Hexokinase; 14. Phosphoglucose isomerase; 15. Phosphofructokinase; 16. Aldolase; 17. Triose phosphate isomerase; 18. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; 19. 3-Phosphoglycerate kinase; 20. Phosphoglyceromutase; 21. Enolase; and 22. Pyruvate kinase.

FIG. 2C depicts the metabolic pathway for converting pyruvate to ethanol. The substrates and products are shown. The enzymes are represented by numbers as follows: 23. Pyruvate decarboxylase; 24. Aldehyde dehydrogenase; and 25. Alcohol dehydrogenase.

FIG. 3 provides a graph showing the total xylose consumed at the end of 120 hours fermentation by some of the chimeric xylose isomerases provided herein, in comparison with RF_XI and AD_XI wild-type enzymes.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods and compositions suitable for use in the isomerization of xylose to xylulose.

All patents and publications, including all sequences disclosed within such patents and publications, referred to herein are expressly incorporated by reference. Unless otherwise indicated, the practice of the present invention involves conventional techniques commonly used in molecular biology, fermentation, microbiology, and related fields, which are known to those of skill in the art. Unless defined otherwise herein, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are described. Indeed, it is intended that the present invention not be limited to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described herein, as these may vary, depending upon the context in which they are used. The headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects or embodiments of the present invention.

Nonetheless, in order to facilitate understanding of the present invention, a number of terms are defined below. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Thus, every numerical range disclosed herein is intended to encompass every narrower numerical range that falls within such broader numerical range, as if such narrower numerical ranges were all expressly written herein. It is also intended that every maximum (or minimum) numerical limitation disclosed herein includes every lower (or higher) numerical limitation, as if such lower (or higher) numerical limitations were expressly written herein.

As used herein, the term “comprising” and its cognates are used in their inclusive sense (i.e., equivalent to the term “including” and its corresponding cognates).

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular “a”, “an” and “the” include the plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a “host cell” includes a plurality of such host cells.

Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in 5′ to 3′ orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation, respectively. The headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects or embodiments of the invention that can be had by reference to the specification as a whole. Accordingly, the terms defined below are more fully defined by reference to the specification as a whole.

As used herein, the terms “isolated” and “purified” are used to refer to a molecule (e.g., an isolated nucleic acid, polypeptide, etc.) or other component that is removed from at least one other component with which it is naturally associated.

As used herein, the term “recombinant” refers to a polynucleotide or polypeptide that does not naturally occur in a host cell. A recombinant molecule may contain two or more naturally-occurring sequences that are linked together in a way that does not occur naturally. A recombinant cell contains a recombinant polynucleotide or polypeptide.

As used herein, the term “overexpress” is intended to encompass increasing the production (i.e., expression) of a protein to a level greater than the cell normally produces. It is intended that the term encompass overexpression of endogenous, as well as heterologous proteins.

For clarity, reference to a cell of a particular strain refers to a parental cell of the strain as well as progeny and genetically modified derivatives of the same. Genetically modified derivatives of a parental cell include progeny cells that contain a modified genome or episomal plasmids that confer for example, antibiotic resistance, improved fermentation capability, the ability to utilize xylose as a carbon source, etc.

As used herein “parent” refers to a starting cell, gene or protein. In some embodiments, “parental strains” are used as the starting point to develop additional strains (e.g., derivatives). In some additional embodiments, “parental molecules” (e.g., “parental enzymes”) are used as starting points for evolution/modification to produce variant molecules (e.g., “variant enzymes,” including “variant xylose isomerases”).

As used herein, in reference to a specific sequence, the term “modification” encompasses any alteration in a parent amino acid sequence, including but not limited to at least one substitution, deletion, and/or insertion, as well as any change to any component of the sequence. The terms also encompasses any alteration in a parent nucleotide sequence, including but not limited to at least one substitution, deletion, insertion, and/or point mutation, etc., (e.g., any change to any component of the sequence). Thus, the term “modification” encompasses the term “mutation,” in which a parent nucleotide sequence is altered through any means of mutagenesis.

A nucleic acid construct, nucleic acid (e.g., a polynucleotide), polypeptide, or host cell is referred to herein as “recombinant” when it is non-naturally occurring, artificial and/or engineered.

The terms “xylose isomerase” and “xylose isomerase polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein to refer to an enzyme that is capable of catalyzing the isomerization of D-xylose directly to D-xylulose. The ability to catalyze the isomerization of D-xylose directly to D-xylulose is referred to herein as “xylose isomerase activity”. An exemplary assay for detecting xylose isomerase activity is provided in Example 2.

The terms “protein” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. The term “xylose isomerase polynucleotide” refers to a polynucleotide that encodes a xylose isomerase polypeptide.

As used herein, the term “xylose isomerase variant” refers to a xylose isomerase that has been modified from an original starting xylose isomerase. In some embodiments, the term is used in reference to a xylose isomerase polypeptide or polynucleotide encoding a xylose isomerase polypeptide comprising one or more modifications relative to wild-type xylose isomerase or the wild-type polynucleotide encoding xylose isomerase (such as substitutions, insertions, deletions, and/or truncations of one or more amino acid residues or of one or more specific nucleotides or codons in the polypeptide or polynucleotide, respectively), and biologically active fragments thereof. In some embodiments, the xylose isomerase variants are xylose isomerase chimeras.

The terms “xylose isomerase chimera,” “xylose isomerase chimeric variant,” and “chimeric xylose isomerase” refer to xylose isomerases that comprise sequences from at least two different xylose isomerase parent molecules. In some embodiments, the chimeras are hybrid proteins encoded by nucleotide sequences that have been spliced together from at least two genes. It is not intended that the present invention be limited to any specific number of starting (i.e., “parental” sequences). In some embodiments, the term “chimeric” refers to a nucleic acid, nucleotide sequence and/or encoded product thereof, that contains sequences from two or more different sources. It is contemplated that any suitable source will find use in the present invention, including but not limited to nucleic acid, nucleotide sequence, ribosomal nucleic acid, RNA, DNA, regulatory nucleotide sequences (e.g., promoter, URL, enhancer, repressor, etc.), coding nucleic acid, gene, nucleic acid linker, nucleic acid tag, amino acid sequence, peptide, polypeptide, protein, chromosome, and/or organism. In some embodiments, “chimeric” molecules include sequences of contiguous nucleotides or amino acids from any suitable source, including but not limited to viruses, prokaryotes, and/or eukaryotes, etc. In some embodiments, chimeras are generated by placing fragments of related and/or unrelated nucleic acids, nucleotide sequences, and/or DNA segments in juxtaposition. In some embodiments, the nucleic acids, nucleotide sequences and/or DNA segments are native (e.g., wild-type) sequences, while in other embodiments, they are mutant and/or engineered (e.g., recombinant) sequences. It is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular starting component. In some embodiments, the chimera comprises sequences (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 sequences) from one organism and sequences (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 sequences) from another organism (e.g., as contiguous nucleotides or contiguous amino acids). In some embodiments, the organisms are microorganisms, including but not limited to bacteria, yeast, filamentous fungi, etc. In some embodiments, the sequences are obtained from at least two organisms of the same genus and/or species, but of different strains. In some other embodiments, the sequences are obtained from at least two organisms of the same species, while in some other embodiments, the sequence are obtained from at least two organisms of the same genus (i.e., different species). In some embodiments, the chimeras comprise a portion of a xylose isomerase from one bacterial species and at least one additional portion of a xylose isomerase from at least one additional bacterial species. In some embodiments, the chimeras comprise a portion of a xylose isomerase from one fungal species and at least one additional portion of a xylose isomerase from at least one additional fungal species. In some embodiments, the chimeras are comprised of sequences obtained from various types of organisms, for example combinations of bacterial and fungal species, as well as combinations of bacterial, fungal, viral, and/or plant species. Some embodiments of the present invention comprise one portion of a xylose isomerase from a plant, another portion of a xylose isomerase from a bacterium, and another portion of a xylose isomerase from a fungus. Indeed, it is intended that any combination of parental organisms will find use in the present invention. In some embodiments, the chimeric molecule comprises up to about 99% of sequence(s) from one organism (e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%) and the balance percentage from one or more other organisms. In some embodiments, the chimeric molecules comprise altered codons (e.g., a chimeric nucleic acid) and one or more mutations (e.g., point mutations, nucleotide substitutions, insertions, deletions, etc.).

In some embodiments, the chimeras are produced by recombination of two or more nucleotide sequences. Any suitable method for recombination finds use in producing the chimeras of the present invention, including, but not limited to the methods described in more detail herein. In some embodiments, fragments used to generate chimeras are juxtaposed as units (e.g., nucleotide sequences from the various sources are combined end-to-end and are not interspersed). In some embodiments in which the chimeras include one stretch of contiguous nucleotides per each source organism, nucleotide sequence combinations can be noted as DNA source 1 (1DNA), DNA source 2 (2DNA), etc. (e.g., 1DNA/2DNA etc.), including combinations thereof. In some other embodiments, fragments used to generate the chimeras are interspersed (e.g., 1DNA/2DNA/4DNA/3DNA, etc.). In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence length of the fragments used to generate chimeras is in the range of from about 5 base pairs to about 1300 base pairs (e.g., about 5 base pairs, about 10 base pairs, about 15 base pairs, about 20 base pairs, about 25 base pairs, about 30 base pairs, about 35 base pairs, about 40 base pairs, about 45 base pairs, about 50 base pairs, about 55 base pairs, about 60 base pairs, about 65 base pairs, about 70 base pairs, about 75 base pairs, about 80 base pairs, about 85 base pairs, about 90 base pairs, about 95 base pairs, about 100 base pairs, about 105 base pairs, about 110 base pairs, about 115 base pairs, about 120 base pairs, about 125 base pairs, about 150 base pairs, about 175 base pairs, about 200 base pairs, about 225 base pairs, about 250 base pairs, about 300 base pairs, about 350 base pairs, about 400 base pairs, about 450 base pairs, about 500 base pairs, about 550 base pairs, about 600 base pairs, about 650 base pairs, about 700 base pairs, about 750 base pairs, about 800 base pairs, about 850 base pairs, about 900 base pairs, about 950 base pairs, about 1000 base pairs, about 1200 base pairs, about 1250 base pairs, or about 1300 basepairs. In some embodiments, the chimeric nucleotide sequence encodes the same activity as the activity encoded by the source nucleotide sequences. In some embodiments, the chimeric nucleotide sequence encodes activity higher than any of the source nucleotide sequences. In some alternative embodiments, the chimeric nucleotide sequences have similar or same activity as the source nucleotide sequences, but the amount of the activity or kinetics of the activity (e.g., increased or decreased activity), specific activity, and/or other aspects of the activity are altered. In some additional embodiments, the chimeric nucleotide sequences encode different activities and in some further embodiments, the chimeric nucleotide sequences encode chimeric activities (e.g., a combination of two or more activities).

In some embodiments, xylose isomerase polynucleotides employed in the practice of the present invention encode a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 71% identical, at least about 72% identical, at least about 73% identical, at least about 74% identical, at least about 75% identical, at least about 76% identical, at least about 77% identical, at least about 78% identical, at least about 79% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 81% identical, at least about 82% identical, at least about 83% identical, at least about 84% identical, at least about 85% identical, at least about 86% identical, at least about 87% identical, at least about 88% identical, at least about 89% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 91% identical, at least about 92% identical, at least about 93% identical, at least about 94% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, or at least about 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, and/or 33, and/or a fragment of any of these sequences.

In some embodiments, xylose isomerase polynucleotides employed in the practice of the present invention comprise a polynucleotide sequence that is at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70% identical, at least about 71% identical, at least about 72% identical, at least about 73% identical, at least about 74% identical, at least about 75% identical, at least about 76% identical, at least about 77% identical, at least about 78% identical, at least about 79% identical, at least about 80% identical, at least about 81% identical, at least about 82% identical, at least about 83% identical, at least about 84% identical, at least about 85% identical, at least about 86% identical, at last about 87% identical, at least about 88% identical, at least about 89% identical, at least about 90% identical, at least about 91% identical, at least about 92% identical, at least about 93% identical, at least about 94% identical, at least about 95% identical, at least about 96% identical, at least about 97% identical, at least about 98% identical, or at least about 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, and/or 32, and/or a fragment of any of these sequences.

The terms “percent identity,” “% identity”, “percent identical,” and “% identical,” are used interchangeably herein to refer to the percent amino acid or polynucleotide sequence identity that is obtained by ClustalW analysis (version W 1.8 available from European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK), counting the number of identical matches in the alignment and dividing such number of identical matches by the length of the reference sequence, and using the following ClustalW parameters to achieve slow/accurate pairwise optimal alignments—DNA/Protein Gap Open Penalty:15/10; DNA/Protein Gap Extension Penalty:6.66/0.1; Protein weight matrix: Gonnet series; DNA weight matrix: Identity; Toggle Slow/Fast pairwise alignments=SLOW or FULL Alignment; DNA/Protein Number of K-tuple matches:2/1; DNA/Protein number of best diagonals: 4/5; DNA/Protein Window size:4/5.

Two sequences are “aligned” when they are aligned for similarity scoring using a defined amino acid substitution matrix (e.g., BLOSUM62), gap existence penalty and gap extension penalty so as to arrive at the highest score possible for that pair of sequences. Amino acid substitution matrices and their use in quantifying the similarity between two sequences are well known in the art (See, e.g., Dayhoff et al., in Dayhoff [ed.], Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure,” Vol. 5, Suppl. 3, Natl. Biomed. Res. Round., Washington D.C. [1978]; pp. 345-352; and Henikoff et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:10915-10919 [1992], both of which are incorporated herein by reference). The BLOSUM62 matrix is often used as a default scoring substitution matrix in sequence alignment protocols such as Gapped BLAST 2.0. The gap existence penalty is imposed for the introduction of a single amino acid gap in one of the aligned sequences, and the gap extension penalty is imposed for each additional empty amino acid position inserted into an already opened gap. The alignment is defined by the amino acid position of each sequence at which the alignment begins and ends, and optionally by the insertion of a gap or multiple gaps in one or both sequences so as to arrive at the highest possible score. While optimal alignment and scoring can be accomplished manually, the process is facilitated by the use of a computer-implemented alignment algorithm (e.g., gapped BLAST 2.0; See, Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 25:3389-3402 [1997], which is incorporated herein by reference), and made available to the public at the National Center for Biotechnology Information Website). Optimal alignments, including multiple alignments can be prepared using readily available programs such as PSI-BLAST (See e.g, Altschul et al., supra).

The present invention also provides a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a xylose isomerase polynucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the complement of a polynucleotide which encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, and/or 33, wherein the polypeptide is capable of catalyzing the isomerization of D-xylose directly to D-xylulose. An exemplary polynucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, or 33 is selected from SEQ ID NOS:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, and/or 32.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide that hybridizes to the complement of a polynucleotide which encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, and/or 33, does so under high or very high stringency conditions to the complement of a reference sequence encoding a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, and/or 33 (e.g., over substantially the entire length of the reference sequence).

Nucleic acids “hybridize” when they associate, typically in solution. There are numerous texts and other reference materials that provide details regarding hybridization methods for nucleic acids (See e.g., Tijssen, Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes,” Part1, Chapter 2, Elsevier, New York, [1993], incorporated herein by reference). For polynucleotides of at least 100 nucleotides in length, low to very high stringency conditions are defined as follows: prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C. in 5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 μg/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and either 25% formamide for low stringencies, 35% formamide for medium and medium-high stringencies, or 50% formamide for high and very high stringencies, following standard Southern blotting procedures. For polynucleotides of at least 200 nucleotides in length, the carrier material is finally washed three times each for 15 minutes using 2×SSC, 0.2% SDS at least at 50° C. (low stringency), at least at 55° C. (medium stringency), at least at 60° C. (medium-high stringency), at least at 65° C. (high stringency), and at least at 70° C. (very high stringency).

The terms “corresponding to”, “with reference to,” and “relative to” when used in the context of the numbering of a given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence refers to the numbering of the residues of a specified reference sequence when the given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence is compared to the reference sequence.

The “position” is denoted by a number that sequentially identifies each amino acid in the reference sequence based on its position relative to the N-terminus. Owing to deletions, insertions, truncations, fusions, and the like that must be taken into account when determining an optimal alignment, in general the amino acid residue number in a test sequence determined by simply counting from the N-terminal will not necessarily be the same as the number of its corresponding position in the reference sequence. For example, in a case where there is a deletion in an aligned test sequence, there will be no amino acid that corresponds to a position in the reference sequence at the site of deletion. Where there is an insertion in an aligned reference sequence, that insertion will not correspond to any amino acid position in the reference sequence. In the case of truncations or fusions there can be stretches of amino acids in either the reference or aligned sequence that do not correspond to any amino acid in the corresponding sequence. As used herein, in referring to variants (e.g., variants with substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions), a hyphen indicates a deletion in a sequence and an asterisk indicates a mutation in a stop codon.

The terms “numbered with reference to” or “corresponding to,” when used in the context of the numbering of a given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence, refers to the numbering of the residues of a specified reference sequence when the given amino acid or polynucleotide sequence is compared to the reference sequence.

A “conservative substitution,” as used with respect to amino acids, refers to the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Amino acid substitutions which often preserve the structural and/or functional properties of the polypeptide in which the substitution is made are well known in the art. The most commonly occurring exchanges are isoleucine/valine, tyrosine/phenylalanine, aspartic acid/glutamic acid, lysine/arginine, methionine/leucine, aspartic acid/asparagine, glutamic acid/glutamine, leucine/isoleucine, methionine/isoleucine, threonine/serine, tryptophan/phenylalanine, tyrosine/histidine, tyrosine/tryptophan, glutamine/arginine, histidine/asparagine, histidine/glutamine, lysine/asparagine, lysine/glutamine, lysine/glutamic acid, phenylalanine/leucine, phenylalanine/methionine, serine/alanine, serine/asparagine, valine/leucine, and valine/methionine.

The following nomenclature finds use in describing substitutions in a reference sequence relative to a reference sequence or a variant polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence: “R-#-V,” where “#” refers to the position in the reference sequence, “R” refers to the amino acid (or base) at that position in the reference sequence, and “V” refers to the amino acid (or base) at that position in the variant sequence. In some embodiments, an amino acid (or base) may be called “X,” by which is meant any amino acid (or base). As a non-limiting example, for a variant polypeptide described with reference to SEQ ID NO:2, “E372G” indicates that in the variant polypeptide, the glutamic acid at position 372 of the reference sequence is replaced by glycine, with amino acid position being determined by optimal alignment of the variant sequence with SEQ ID NO:2. Similarly, “E372G/D” describes two variants: a variant in which the glutamic acid at position 372 of the reference sequence is replaced by glycine; and a variant in which the glutamic acid at position 372 of the reference sequence is replaced by aspartic acid.

As used herein, the terms “amino acid substitution set” and “substitution set” when used in the context of amino acid sequences (e.g., polypeptides) refer to a group of amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, substitution set refers to the amino acid substitution sets present in some of the variant chimeric xylose isomerase variants provided in Table 3-1.

As used herein, the terms “amino acid mutation set” and “mutation set” when used in the context of amino acid sequences (e.g., polypeptides) refer to a group of amino acid substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions. In some embodiments, mutation set refers to the nucleic acid mutation sets present in some of the chimeric xylose isomerase variants provided in Table 3-1.

As used herein, the terms “nucleic acid substitution set” and “substitution set” when used in the context of nucleotide sequences (e.g., polynucleotides) refer to a group of nucleic acid substitutions. In some embodiments, mutation set refers to the nucleic acid substitution sets present in some of the variant chimeric xylose isomerase variants provided in Table 3-1.

As used herein, the terms “nucleic acid mutation set” and “mutation set” when used in the context of nucleotide sequences (e.g., polynucleotides) refer to a group of nucleic acid substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions. In some embodiments, mutation set refers to the amino acid mutation sets present in some of the chimeric xylose isomerase variants provided in Table 3-1.

As used herein, the term “by-product” refers to an organic molecule that is an undesired product of a particular fermentation process.

As used herein, the term “transformed” or “transformation” used in reference to a cell means that the cell has a non-native nucleic acid sequence integrated into its genome or has an episomal plasmid that is maintained through multiple generations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods and compositions suitable for use in the isomerization of xylose to xylulose.

The initial metabolic pathways for xylose utilization in fungi and bacteria differ. In most fungi, including xylose-fermenting yeasts (e.g., Pichia stipitis, Pachysolen tannophilus, and Candida shehatae), D-xylose is converted to D-xylulose by two oxidoreductases involving cofactors NAD(P)H and NAD(P)+. (See, Matsushika et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 84:37-53 [2009]). In these organisms, D-xylose is initially reduced to xylitol by NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase (XR) (EC 1.1.1.21). Xylitol is subsequently oxidized to D-xylulose by NAD+-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) (EC 1.1.1.9). Xylulokinase (XK) (EC 2.7.1.17) subsequently phosphorylates D-xylulose to produce D-xylulose 5-phosphate (X5P), which is then further metabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).

However, most strains of S. cerevisiae cannot utilize xylose even though the genes encoding XR, XDH, and XK are present in its genome, as the expression levels of these enzymes are too low to allow xylose utilization (See, Matsushika et al., supra). Some strains have been shown to natively utilize xylose but at very low rates and fermentation to ethanol has not been detected (See, Wenger et al., PLoS Genet., 6(5):e1000942 [2010]). Even when the endogenous genes are overexpressed in S. cerevisiae, only slow growth on xylose has been observed (See, Matsushika et al., supra).

In contrast, most bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli and Streptomyces species) can isomerize D-xylose directly to D-xylulose by using a xylose isomerase (XI) (EC 5.3.1.5) (See, Matsushika et al., supra). In bacteria, as in fungi, the D-xylulose is phosphorylated to D-xylulose 5-phosphate by XK, which is then further metabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway.

Efforts to express a functional heterologous xylose isomerase gene (xylA) in S. cerevisiae and grow the yeast on xylose has met with very limited success (See e.g., Matsushika et al. supra). It has been reported that xylose isomerase genes from the fungi Piromyces (Kuyper et al. FEMS Yeast Res., 4:69-78 [2003]) and Orpinomyces (Madhaven et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 82:1067-1078 [2009a]) have been functionally expressed in S. cerevisiae, but that growth on xylose was very slow. In addition, the functional expression of the Thermus thermophilus xylose isomerase (Accession No. 1BXB) in S. cerevisiae has been reported (See, Walfridsson et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62:4648-4651 [1996]). The success in producing an active xylose isomerase by expressing the T. thermophilus xylA gene in S. cerevisiae may have been due to the relatedness between the two organisms, as T. thermophilus diverged from the domain of eubacteria and may, in many respects, be more closely related to S. cerevisiae than are the eubacteria (Id., at 4651).

Heterologous expression of xylose isomerase genes from Actinoplanes missouriensis and Clostridium thermosulfurogenes in S. cerevisiae generated inactive proteins, even though their messenger RNA could be detected (See, Amore et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 30:351-357 [1989]); and Moes et al., Biotech. Lett, 18:269-274 [1996]; and Matsushika et al., supra). Other studies report the heterologous expression of the xylA from E. coli (See e.g., Sarthy et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53:1996-2000 [1987]), Bacillus subtilis (Amore et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 30:351-357 [1989]), and Streptomyces rubiginosus (Gardonyi et al., Enzyme Microb. Technol., 32:252-259 [2003]) in S. cerevisiae resulted in mainly insoluble proteins which were catalytically inactive (See, Matsushika et al., supra). In addition, some reports indicate that attempts to produce xylose isomerase from recombinant S. cerevisiae transformed with the xylA genes from Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus pentosus resulted in inactive protein (See, Walfridsson et al., supra).

In further studies, the results of screening for xylose isomerase activity in S. cerevisiae transformed with the xylose isomerase genes from various organisms have been reported (See e.g., Brat et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Doi:10.1128/AEM.02522-9 [13 Feb. 2009]). The xylose isomerases have been reported to share from 17% to 60% sequence identity to the xylose isomerase from Piromyces. While transformants expressing the xylose isomerase from Clostridium phytofermentans (DSM 18823) could grow on xylose medium, S. cerevisiae transformed with the xylose isomerase gene from the following organisms could not: Bacillus licheniformis (DSM 13), Burkholderia xenovaorans (DSM 17367), Lactobacillus pentosus (DSM 20314), Leifsonia xyli subsp. cynodontis (DSM 46306), Pseudomonas savastanoi pvar. Phaseolicola (DSM 50282), Robiginitalea biformata (DSM 15991), Saccharophagus degradans (DSM 17024), Staphylococcus xylosus (DSM 20266), Streptomyces diastaticus subsp. diastaticus (DSM 40496), Xanthomonas campestris pvar. campestris (DSM 3586), Salmonella typhimurium (71-098L), Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Arabidopsis thaliana (See, Brat et al., supra).

The present invention provides sequences that are capable of conferring the property of xylose-utilization in a non-mammalian, eukaryotic host cell, such as, for example, a fungal host cell. These sequences and variants thereof, encode xylose isomerases, which catalyze the isomerization of D-xylose directly to D-xylulose, as depicted in FIG. 1. Xylose isomerase is distinguished from xylose reductase (XD), which catalyzes the conversion of xylose to xylitol. Xylose isomerase is also distinguished from xylitol dehydrogenase (XD), which catalyzes the conversion of xylitol to D-xylulose (See, FIG. 1).

Xylose utilization by these host cells results in useful products that are produced metabolically by the host cell. In these host cells, D-xylulose may be phosphorylated by a native or recombinant xylulokinase to xylulose-5-P, as depicted in FIG. 1. The xylulose-5-P may be further metabolized by enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway to products such as glucose-6-P, fructose-6-P, glyceraldehydes-3-P, and the like. The pentose phosphate pathway and relevant enzymes and products are depicted in FIG. 2A. As used herein, the terms “enzyme from the pentose phosphate pathway” and “pentose phosphate pathway enzyme” are used interchangeably to refer to an enzyme from the group of enzymes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, (i.e., 6. Ribulose-5-phosphate ketoisomerase (RK11); 7. Transketolase (TKL1); 8. Transaldolase (TAL1); 9. Ribose-5-phosphate ketoisomerase (RK11); 10. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (GND1); 11. 6-phosphogluconalactonase (SOL3); and/or 12. Glucose-6-phosphate-1-dehydrogenase (ZWF); the reference numbers are depicted in FIG. 2A).

Products of the pentose phosphate pathway may be further metabolized through the process of glycolysis. The metabolic process of glycolysis is depicted in FIG. 2B. As used herein, the term “glycolytic enzyme” refers to an enzyme from the group of enzymes involved in glycolysis (i.e.: 13. Hexokinase; 14. Phosphoglucose isomerase; 15. Phosphofructokinase; 16. Aldolase; 17. Triose phosphate isomerase; 18. Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase; 19. Phosphoglycerate kinase; 20. Phosphoglyceromutase; 21. Enolase; and/or 22. Pyruvate kinase; the reference numbers are depicted in FIG. 2B).

Pyruvate from the glycolytic pathway (i.e., glycolysis) may be further metabolized to ethanol as shown in FIG. 2C by ethanologenic enzymes. As used herein, the term “ethanologenic enzyme” refers to an enzyme involved in the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol, (e.g., a pyruvate decarboxylase, an aldehyde dehydrogenase, and/or an alcohol dehydrogenase). The term “ethanologenic pathway” refers to the pathway depicted in FIG. 2C.

Therefore, the polynucleotide sequences described herein are useful for creating recombinant fungal host cells, particularly yeast host cells, that are capable of isomerizing D-xylose directly to D-xylulose, which can lead to the production of desirable fermentation products (e.g., an alcohol, such as ethanol, butanol, and the like, including a fatty alcohol [such as a C8-C20 fatty alcohol], a fatty acid [e.g., a C8-C20 fatty acid], lactic acid, 3-hydroxpropionic acid, acrylic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, an amino acid, 1,3-propanediol, ethylene, glycerol, a β-lactam, and other products of interest).

Recombinant Nucleic Acid Constructs

The present invention provides a recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising a polynucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 23, 25, 27, 39, 31, and/or 33, wherein the polypeptide is capable of catalyzing the isomerization of D-xylose directly to D-xylulose. SEQ ID NO:2 corresponds to the amino acid sequence of a putative xylose isomerase from the bacteria, Ruminococcus flavefaciens. SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponds to the native R. flavefaciens polynucleotide sequence that encodes the putative R. flavefaciens xylose isomerase (SEQ ID NO: 2), both of which are provided below.

(SEQ ID NO: 1) ATGGAATTTTTCAGCAATATCGGTAAAATTCAGTATCAGGGACCAAAAAGTACTGATCCTCTCTCATTT AAGTACTATAACCCTGAAGAAGTCATCAACGGAAAGACAATGCGCGAGCATCTGAAGTTCGCTCTTTC ATGGTGGCACACAATGGGCGGCGACGGAACAGATATGTTCGGCTGCGGCACAACAGACAAGACCTGG GGACAGTCCGATCCCGCTGCAAGAGCAAAGGCTAAGGTTGACGCAGCATTCGAGATCATGGATAAGC TCTCCATTGACTACTATTGTTTCCACGATCGCGATCTTTCTCCCGAGTATGGCAGCCTCAAGGCTACCA ACGATCAGCTTGACATAGTTACAGACTATATCAAGGAGAAGCAGGGCGACAAGTTCAAGTGCCTCTGG GGTACAGCAAAGTGCTTCGATCATCCAAGATTCATGCACGGTGCAGGTACATCTCCTTCTGCTGATGTA TTCGCTTTCTCAGCTGCTCAGATCAAGAAGGCTCTCGAGTCAACAGTAAAGCTCGGCGGTAACGGTTA CGTTTTCTGGGGCGGACGTGAAGGCTATGAGACACTTCTTAATACAAATATGGGACTCGAACTCGACA ATATGGCTCGTCTTATGAAGATGGCTGTTGAGTATGGACGTTCGATCGGCTTCAAGGGCGACTTCTATA TCGAGCCCAAGCCCAAGGAGCCCACAAAGCATCAGTACGATTTCGATACAGCTACTGTTCTGGGATTC CTCAGAAAGTACGGTCTCGATAAGGATTTCAAGATGAATATCGAAGCTAACCACGCTACACTTGCTCA GCATACATTCCAGCATGAGCTCCGTGTTGCAAGAGACAATGGTGTGTTCGGTTCTATCGACGCAAACC AGGGCGACGTTCTTCTTGGATGGGATACAGACCAGTTCCCCACAAATATCTACGATACAACAATGTGT ATGTATGAAGTTATCAAGGCAGGCGGCTTCACAAACGGCGGTCTCAACTTCGACGCTAAGGCACGCAG AGGGAGCTTCACTCCCGAGGATATCTTCTACAGCTATATCGCAGGTATGGATGCATTTGCTCTGGGCTT CAGAGCTGCTCTCAAGCTTATCGAAGACGGACGTATCGACAAGTTCGTTGCTGACAGATACGCTTCAT GGAATACCGGTATCGGTGCAGACATAATCGCAGGTAAGGCAGATTTCGCATCTCTTGAAAAGTATGCT CTTGAAAAGGGCGAGGTTACAGCTTCACTCTCAAGCGGCAGACAGGAAATGCTGGAGTCTATCGTAAA TAACGTTCTTTTCAGTCTGTAA (SEQ ID NO: 2) MEFFSNIGKIQYQGPKSTDPLSFKYYNPEEVINGKTMREHLKFALSWWHTMGGDGTDMFG CGTTDKTWGQSDPAARAKAKVDAAFEIMDKLSIDYYCFHDRDLSPEYGSLKATNDQLDIV TDYIKEKQGDKFKCLWGTAKCFDHPRFMHGAGTSPSADVFAFSAAQIKKALESTVKLGGN GYVFWGGREGYETLLNTNMGLELDNMARLMKMAVEYGRSIGFKGDFYIEPKPKEPTKHQY DFDTATVLGFLRKYGLDKDFKMNIEANHATLAQHTFQHELRVARDNGVFGSIDANQGDVL LGWDTDQFPTNIYDTTMCMYEVIKAGGFTNGGLNFDAKARRGSFTPEDIFYSYIAGMDAF ALGFRAALKLIEDGRIDKFVADRYASWNTGIGADIIAGKADFASLEKYALEKGEVTASLS SGRQEMLESIVNNVLFSL

SEQ ID NO:3 corresponds to the native Clostridium phytofermentans polynucleotide sequence that encodes the putative C. fermentans xylose isomerase (SEQ ID NO:4), both of which are provided below.

(SEQ ID NO: 3) ATGAAGAACTATTTCCCCAACGTCCCAGAAGTCAAATACGAAGGTCCAAACTCCACAAATCCTTTCGC TTTTAAATATTATGATGCTAATAAAGTAGTCGCCGGTAAGACCATGAAGGAGCATTGTAGATTCGCTC TATCCTGGTGGCACACTTTGTGTGCCGGTGGTGCTGATCCATTCGGAGTAACTACTATGGACAGGACCT ACGGTAACATTACCGACCCAATGGAACTAGCTAAGGCCAAAGTTGATGCTGGTTTCGAACTGATGACT AAGCTGGGCATCGAGTTCTTCTGCTTCCATGATGCCGACATTGCTCCAGAAGGTGACACCTTCGAAGA GTCCAAGAAGAATCTGTTCGAGATTGTTGATTACATCAAGGAGAAGATGGACCAAACCGGCATCAAGT TGTTATGGGGCACTGCTAACAACTTTAGTCACCCCAGGTTCATGCACGGTGCATCAACTTCTTGTAATG CCGATGTTTTCGCTTATGCTGCTGCGAAAATAAAGAACGCTTTAGATGCGACCATCAAGTTGGGCGGT AAGGGTTATGTCTTTTGGGGTGGTAGAGAAGGTTACGAGACCCTGCTGAATACTGACCTGGGCTTAGA ACTGGACAACATGGCTAGGCTAATGAAGATGGCCGTAGAATACGGTAGGGCTAATGGATTCGACGGT GACTTCTACATCGAGCCTAAACCCAAGGAACCTACTAAGCACCAGTACGACTTCGACACTGCTACCGT ATTAGCTTTTTTAAGGAAGTACGGGTTGGAAAAAGACTTCAAGATGAACATCGAAGCCAATCACGCCA CACTAGCAGGCCACACATTCGAGCATGAGTTAGCTATGGCTAGGGTAAACGGTGCATTCGGTTCTGTT GATGCTAACCAAGGTGACCCAAACTTAGGATGGGACACGGATCAATTCCCCACAGACGTTCATTCTGC TACTCTTGCTATGCTGGAGGTCTTGAAAGCCGGTGGTTTCACAAATGGCGGCCTGAACTTTGATGCGA AAGTTCGTAGGGGTTCATTCGAGTTTGACGATATTGCCTATGGTTACATTGCTGGTATGGATACTTTCG CGTTAGGGTTAATTAAAGCTGCTGAAATCATTGATGACGGTAGAATTGCCAAGTTTGTGGATGACAGG TATGCCTCTTACAAGACCGGTATTGGTAAAGCGATCGTTGACGGAACTACCTCTTTGGAAGAATTGGA ACAATACGTGTTGACTCATTCTGAACCTGTCATGCAATCTGGTAGACAAGAGGTTCTGGAAACTATTGT CAACAACATATTGTTTAGATAA (SEQ ID NO: 4) MKNYFPNVPEVKYEGPNSTNPFAFKYYDANKVVAGKTMKEHCRFALSWWHTLCAGGADPFGVTTMDRT YGNITDPMELAKAKVDAGFELMTKLGIEFFCFHDADIAPEGDTFEESKKNLFEIVDYIKEKMDQTGIKLLW GTANNFSHPRFMHGASTSCNADVFAYAAAKIKNALDATIKLGGKGYVFWGGREGYETLLNTDLGLELDN MARLMKMAVEYGRANGFDGDFYIEPKPKEPTKHQYDFDTATVLAFLRKYGLEKDFKMNIEANHATLAGH TFEHELAMARVNGAFGSVDANQGDPNLGWDTDQFPTDVHSATLAMLEVLKAGGFTNGGLNFDAKVRRG SFEFDDIAYGYIAGMDTFALGLIKAAEIIDDGRIAKFVDDRYASYKTGIGKAIVDGTTSLEELEQYVLTHSEP VMQSGRQEVLETIVNNILFR

SEQ ID NO:5 corresponds to the native Abiotrophia defectiva polynucleotide sequence that encodes the putative A. defectiva xylose isomerase (SEQ ID NO:6), both of which are provided below.

(SEQ ID NO: 5) ATGAGTGAATTGTTCCAAAACATCCCAAAAATCAAATACGAAGGTGCAAATTCCAAAAATCCTTTGGC TTTTCATTATTATGATGCTGAAAAAATAGTCCTCGGTAAGACCATGAAGGAGCATTTGCCATTCGCTAT GGCATGGTGGCACAATTTGTGTGCCGCTGGTACTGATATGTTCGGACGTGATACTGCGGACAAGTCCT TTGGTTTGGAAAAAGGCTCAATGGAACATGCTAAGGCCAAAGTTGATGCTGGTTTCGAATTTATGGAA AAGCTGGGCATTAAATACTTCTGCTTCCATGATGTAGACCTTGTTCCAGAAGCTTGCGACATTAAAGA GACCAATTCTCGACTGGACGAAATTTCTGATTACATCTTGGAGAAGATGAAGGGCACTGATATTAAGT GTTTATGGGGCACTGCTAATATGTTTTCTAACCCCAGGTTCGTGAACGGTGCAGGATCTACTAATAGTG CCGATGTTTACTGTTTTGCTGCTGCGCAAATAAAGAAAGCATTAGATATTACCGTCAAGTTGGGCGGT AGAGGTTATGTCTTTTGGGGTGGTAGAGAAGGTTACGAGACCCTGCTGAATACTGACGTGAAATTTGA ACAGGAAAACATTGCTAATCTAATGAAGATGGCCGTAGAATACGGTAGGTCTATTGGATTCAAAGGTG ACTTCTACATCGAGCCTAAACCCAAGGAACCTATGAAGCACCAGTACGACTTCGACGCTGCTACCGCA ATAGGTTTTTTAAGGCAGTACGGGTTGGATAAAGACTTCAAATTGAACATCGAAGCCAATCACGCCAC ACTAGCAGGACACTCATTCCAGCATGAGTTACGTATTTCTAGTATTAACGGTATGTTGGGTTCTGTTGA TGCTAACCAAGGTGACATGTTGTTAGGATGGGACACGGATGAATTTCCCTTTGACGTTTATGATACTAC TATGTGTATGTATGAGGTCCTTAAAAACGGTGGTTTGACAGGCGGCTTTAACTTTGATGCGAAAAATC GTAGGCCTTCATACACGTATGAAGATATGTTCTATGGTTTCATTCTTGGTATGGATTCTTTCGCGTTAG GGTTGATAAAAGCTGCTAAATTGATTGAAGAAGGTACACTTGACAATTTTATTAAGGAAAGGTATAAA TCTTTTGAATCCGAAATTGGTAAAAAAATTAGATCCAAATCAGCCTCTTTGCAAGAATTGGCAGCTTAT GCTGAGGAAATGGGTGCTCCCGCGATGCCGGGTTCAGGTAGGCAAGAGTATCTGCAAGCTGCTCTCAA CCAAAATTTGTTTGGTGAAGTGTAATAA (SEQ ID NO: 6) MSELFQNIPKIKYEGANSKNPLAFHYYDAEKIVLGKTMKEHLPFAMAWWHNLCAAGTDMFGRDTADKSF GLEKGSMEHAKAKVDAGFEFMEKLGIKYFCFHDVDLVPEACDIKETNSRLDEISDYILEKMKGTDIKCLWG TANMFSNPRFVNGAGSTNSADVYCFAAAQIKKALDITVKLGGRGYVFWGGREGYETLLNTDVKFEQENIA NLMKMAVEYGRSIGFKGDFYIEPKPKEPMKHQYDFDAATAIGFLRQYGLDKDFKLNIEANHATLAGHSFQ HELRISSINGMLGSVDANQGDMLLGWDTDEFPFDVYDTTMCMYEVLKNGGLTGGFNFDAKNRRPSYTYE DMFYGFILGMDSFALGLIKAAKLIEEGTLDNFIKERYKSFESEIGKKIRSKSASLQELAAYAEEMGAPAMPG SGRQEYLQAALNQNLFGEV

SEQ ID NO:7 corresponds to the native Ruminococcus sp. 18p13 polynucleotide sequence that encodes the putative Ruminococcus sp. 18p13 xylose isomerase (SEQ ID NO:8), both of which are provided below.

(SEQ ID NO: 7) ATGGAATTTTTCAAGAACATCTCTAAGATACCATACGAAGGCAAAGACTCTACCAATCCATTAGCATT CAAGTACTACAATCCTGACGAAGTAATCGACGGTAAGAAGATGAGAGACATCATGAAGTTTGCTTTGT CTTGGTGGCATACTATGGGAGGTGATGGTACTGATATGTTTGGCTGTGGTACTGCTGATAAGACATGG GGCGAGAATGATCCAGCTGCTAGAGCTAAAGCTAAAGTTGATGCCGCATTTGAAATCATGCAGAAGTT ATCCATTGATTACTTCTGCTTCCATGATAGAGATTTGTCTCCAGAGTACGGTTCTTTGAAGGACACAAA CGCTCAATTGGACATTGTCACTGACTACATCAAGGCTAAACAAGCTGAAACCGGTTTGAAATGTCTTT GGGGTACTGCTAAGTGCTTCGACCATCCAAGATTCATGCACGGTGCTGGTACTTCTCCTTCAGCGGATG TCTTCGCATTCTCAGCTGCTCAAATCAAGAAAGCTCTGGAATCTACCGTCAAGTTGGGTGGAACTGGTT ATGTCTTCTGGGGTGGTAGAGAAGGATATGAAACGTTGTTGAATACTAACATGGGACTTGAATTGGAC AACATGGCTAGGTTGATGAAGATGGCCGTTGAGTATGGTAGGTCTATTGGTTTCAAAGGTGACTTCTA CATTGAACCTAAGCCAAAGGAACCAACTAAGCATCAATACGACTTTGACACTGCTACAGTCTTGGGCT TTCTGAGAAAGTACGGCCTGGACAAAGACTTCAAGATGAACATAGAAGCCAATCATGCAACTTTAGCG CAACATACCTTCCAGCACGAATTGTGTGTCGCCAGAACTAATGGTGCTTTCGGTTCTATTGATGCTAAT CAAGGTGATCCCTTGTTGGGTTGGGATACAGATCAGTTTCCTACAAACATCTATGATACTACTATGTGC ATGTACGAAGTTATCAAAGCTGGTGGTTTCACTAATGGTGGTCTTAACTTTGATGCTAAAGCTAGAAG AGGTTCTTTCACTCCAGAAGATATTTTCTATTCTTACATTGCTGGTATGGATGCTTTCGCTTTAGGTTAC AAAGCTGCTTCTAAGCTAATCGCTGATGGTAGGATTGATAGCTTCATTAGCGATAGATATGCTTCTTGG TCTGAAGGTATTGGTTTGGACATCATTTCCGGCAAAGCTGATATGGCGGCTTTAGAGAAGTATGCTTTG GAGAAAGGAGAGGTCACTGATTCTATCTCTTCTGGAAGACAGGAACTGTTAGAGTCCATTGTTAACAA CGTAATCTTCAACCTATAATAA (SEQ ID NO: 8) MEFFKNISKIPYEGKDSTNPLAFKYYNPDEVIDGKKMRDIMKFALSWWHTMGGDGTDMFGCGTADKTWG ENDPAARAKAKVDAAFEIMQKLSIDYFCFHDRDLSPEYGSLKDTNAQLDIVTDYIKAKQAETGLKCLWGT AKCFDHPRFMHGAGTSPSADVFAFSAAQIKKALESTVKLGGTGYVFWGGREGYETLLNTNMGLELDNMA RLMKMAVEYGRSIGFKGDFYIEPKPKEPTKHQYDFDTATVLGFLRKYGLDKDFKMNIEANHATLAQHTFQ HELCVARTNGAFGSIDANQGDPLLGWDTDQFPTNIYDTTMCMYEVIKAGGFTNGGLNFDAKARRGSFTPE DIFYSYIAGMDAFALGYKAASKLIADGRIDSFISDRYASWSEGIGLDIISGKADMAALEKYALEKGEVTDSIS SGRQELLESIVNNVIFNL

SEQ ID NO:9 corresponds to the native Phytophora infestans polynucleotide sequence that encodes the putative P. infestans xylose isomerase (SEQ ID NO:10), both of which are provided below.

(SEQ ID NO: 9) ATGCAACATCAAGTGAAAGAATATTTCCCAAACGTCCCAAAAATCACATTCGAAGGTCAAAATGCCAA AAGTGTTTTGGCTTATCGTGAATATAATGCTTCAGAAGTAATCATGGGTAAGACCATGGAGGAGTGGT GTAGATTCGCTGTGTGTTATTGGCACACTTTTGGTAACTCTGGTTCTGATCCGTTCGGAGGTGAAACTT ATACCAATAGATTGTGGAATGAATCATTGGAAAGAGCTAATATTTCTTCTAGGGAAAGATTGTTGGAA GCTGCTAAGTGCAAAGCTGATGCTGCTTTCGAAACTTTTACAAAGCTGGGCGTTAAATACTACACCTTC CATGATGTAGACCTTATTTCAGAAGGTGCCAACCTTGAAGAGTCCCAATCTCTACTGGACGAAATTTCT GATTACTTGTTGGATAAGCAGAATCAAACTGGTGTTAGGTGTTTATGGGGCACTACTAATTTGTTTGGT CACAGAAGGTTCATGAACGGTGCATCAACTAATCCTGATATGAAAGTTTTCGCTCATGCTGCTGCGAG AGTAAAGAAAGCAATGGAAATTACCTTGAAGTTGGGCGGTCAAAATTTTGTCTTTTGGGGTGGTAGAG AAGGTTTCCAGTCCATTCTGAATACTGACATGAAAACTGAACTGGATCACATGGCTGCTTTTTTTAAGT TGGTCGTAGCATACAAAAAGGAACTTGGAGCCACATTTCAATTCTTGGTCGAGCCTAAACCCAGGGAA CCTATGAAGCACCAGTACGACTACGACGCTGCTACCGTAGTAGCTTTTTTACATACGTACGGGTTGCA AAATGACTTCAAATTGAACATCGAACCCAATCACACCACACTAGCAGGACACGATTACGAGCATGATA TATATTATGCTGCTAGTTACAAAATGTTGGGTTCTGTTGATTGTAACACAGGTGACCCGTTGGTAGGAT GGGACACGGATCAATTTTTGATGGACGAAAAAAAAGCTGTTTTGGTTATGAAAAAGATCGTTGAAATC GGTGGTTTGGCACCAGGCGGCTTGAACTTTGATGCGAAAGTTCGTAGGGAATCAACCGATTTGGAAGA TATTTTCATTGCTCACATTGGTAGTATGGATTGTTTCGCGAGAGGGTTGAGACAAGCTGCTAAATTGCT TGAAAAAAATGAACTTGGCGAATTGGTTAAGCAAAGGTATGCATCTTGGAAATCCACACTTGGTGAAA GAATTGAACAAGGACAAGCCACTTTGGAAGAAGTGGCAGCTTATGCTAAGGAAAGTGGTGAACCCGA TCATGTGTCAGGTAAGCAAGAGTTGGCGGAACTTATGTGGAGCACAGTTGCGTTGGCTACAGGGATTT GGCAAGATCATGTTACTTGTTCTTTGACTAAAAATTGGTGTTAA (SEQ ID NO: 10) MQHQVKEYFPNVPKITFEGQNAKSVLAYREYNASEVIMGKTMEEWCRFAVCYWHTFGNSGSDPFGGETY TNRLWNESLERANISSRERLLEAAKCKADAAFETFTKLGVKYYTFHDVDLISEGANLEESQSLLDEISDYLL DKQNQTGVRCLWGTTNLFGHRRFMNGASTNPDMKVFAHAAARVKKAMEITLKLGGQNFVFWGGREGFQ SILNTDMKTELDHMAAFFKLVVAYKKELGATFQFLVEPKPREPMKHQYDYDAATVVAFLHTYGLQNDFK LNIEPNHTTLAGHDYEHDIYYAASYKMLGSVDCNTGDPLVGWDTDQFLMDEKKAVLVMKKIVEIGGLAP GGLNFDAKVRRESTDLEDIFIAHIGSMDCFARGLRQAAKLLEKNELGELVKQRYASWKSTLGERIEQGQAT LEEVAAYAKESGEPDHVSGKQELAELMWSTVALATGIWQDHVTCSLTKNWC

In some embodiments, recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the present invention further comprise a polynucleotide sequence (genetic) element that facilitates integration into a fungal host cell genome, by homologous or non-homologous recombination. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct of the present invention further comprises an origin of replication that is functional in a fungal cell (e.g., a yeast origin of replication). Typically, the fungal host cell is a yeast or filamentous fungal cell, more typically, a yeast cell. In some embodiments, nucleic acid constructs of the present invention comprise a transcriptional regulatory element that is functional in a fungal cell. For example, in some embodiments the recombinant nucleic acid construct comprises a promoter sequence and/or transcription terminator sequence that is functional in a fungal cell such that the xylose isomerase polynucleotide is operatively linked to the promoter sequence and/or transcription terminator sequences.

Xylose isomerase polynucleotides that are suitable for use in the practice of the present invention include those encoding the chimeric variants of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, and/or any of the variants set forth in Table 3-1. In some embodiments, the chimeric xylose isomerase variants comprise portions of at least two starting xylose isomerases (e.g., SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and/or 21).

As used herein, the term “conservative substitution” refers to the substitution of a residue for another residue that does not generally alter the specific activity of the encoded polypeptide. An exemplary conservative substitution is a substitution that is within the same group of basic amino acids (arginine, lysine and histidine), acidic amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid), polar amino acids (glutamine and asparagine), hydrophobic amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine), and small amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, threonine, proline, cysteine and methionine). Amino acid substitutions that do not generally alter the specific activity are known in the art (See e.g., Neurath and Hill, The Proteins, Academic Press, New York [1979], which is incorporated herein by reference). The most commonly occurring exchanges are Ala/Ser, Val/Ile, Asp/Glu, Thr/Ser, Ala/Gly, Ala/Thr. Ser/Asn, Ala/Val, Ser/Gly, Tyr/Phe, Ala/Pro, Lys/Arg, Asp/Asn, Leu/Ile, Leu/Val, Ala/Glu, and Asp/Gly, as well as these in reverse.

Other xylose isomerase polynucleotides suitable for use in the practice of the present invention include those encoding xylose isomerase variants generated by mutagenesis, recombination, and/or any other protein engineering method. In some embodiments, the variants are screened for xylose utilization using any suitable method, including but not limited to those described in the Examples. In some embodiments, the resulting variants comprise one or more substitutions (conservative or non-conservative), deletions, and/or insertions.

The present invention thus provides methods for making chimeric xylose isomerase polynucleotide variants. In some embodiments, the methods comprise shuffling one or more polynucleotide sequences encoding at least one xylose isomerase to produce a modified polynucleotide; transforming a host cell with the modified polynucleotide; and screening the transformed host cell for an improvement in a desired phenotype relative to the corresponding untransformed host cell. Exemplary phenotypes include improved utilization of a pentose sugar (e.g., xylose, arabinose, etc.), stability, specific activity, lower Ki for xylitol, ethanol/acetate tolerance and/or tolerance to low pH, decreased by-product formation, and/or increased ethanol yield. Exemplary desirable xylose utilization phenotypes include the ability to ferment xylose to ethanol, the ability to ferment xylose to other metabolic intermediates/products, the ability to undergo aerobic or anaerobic growth on xylose, and the like.

Methods for generating variant libraries of polynucleotides encoding modified polypeptides are well known in the art. For example, mutagenesis and directed evolution methods can be readily applied to polynucleotides encoding the xylose isomerase polypeptides to generate variant libraries that can be expressed, screened, and assayed using the methods described herein. Mutagenesis and directed evolution methods are well known in the art (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793, 5,830,721, 6,132,970, 6,420,175, 6,277,638, 6,365,408, 6,602,986, 7,288,375, 6,287,861, 6,297,053, 6,576,467, 6,444,468, 5,811,238, 6,117,679, 6,165,793, 6,180,406, 6,291,242, 6,995,017, 6,395,547, 6,506,602, 6,519,065, 6,506,603, 6,413,774, 6,573,098, 6,323,030, 6,344,356, 6,372,497, 7,868,138, 5,834,252, 5,928,905, 6,489,146, 6,096,548, 6,387,702, 6,391,552, 6,358,742, 6,482,647, 6,335,160, 6,653,072, 6,355,484, 6,03,344, 6,319,713, 6,613,514, 6,455,253, 6,579,678, 6,586,182, 6,406,855, 6,946,296, 7,534,564, 7,776,598, 5,837,458, 6,391,640, 6,309,883, 7,105,297, 7,795,030, 6,326,204, 6,251,674, 6,716,631, 6,528,311, 6,287,862, 6,335,198, 6,352,859, 6,379,964, 7,148,054, 7,629,170, 7,620,500, 6,365,377, 6,358,740, 6,406,910, 6,413,745, 6,436,675, 6,961,664, 7,430,477, 7,873,499, 7,702,464, 7,783,428, 7,747,391, 7,747,393, 7,751,986, 6,376,246, 6,426,224, 6,423,542, 6,479,652, 6,319,714, 6,521,453, 6,368,861, 7,421,347, 7,058,515, 7,024,312, 7,620,502, 7,853,410, 7,957,912, 7,904,249, and all related non-US counterparts; Ling et al., Anal. Biochem., 254(2):157-78 [1997]; Dale et al., Meth. Mol. Biol., 57:369-74 [1996]; Smith, Ann. Rev. Genet., 19:423-462 [1985]; Botstein et al., Science, 229:1193-1201 [1985]; Carter, Biochem. J., 237:1-7 [1986]; Kramer et al., Cell, 38:879-887 [1984]; Wells et al., Gene, 34:315-323 [1985]; Minshull et al., Curr. Op. Chem. Biol., 3:284-290 [1999]; Christians et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 17:259-264 [1999]; Crameri et al., Nature, 391:288-291 [1998]; Crameri, et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 15:436-438 [1997]; Zhang et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 94:4504-4509 [1997]; Crameri et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 14:315-319 [1996]; Stemmer, Nature, 370:389-391 [1994]; Stemmer, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 91:10747-10751 [1994]; WO 95/22625; WO 97/0078; WO 97/35966; WO 98/27230; WO 00/42651; WO 01/75767; and WO 2009/152336, all of which are incorporated herein by reference).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides chimeric xylose isomerase polypeptide variants that comprise at least one modification that is a substitution, insertion, and/or deletion relative to SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments, the polypeptide variant has from about 1 to about 2, about 1 to about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 75, about 100, about 110, about 115, about 120, about 125, about 130, about 135, about 140, about 145, about 150, about 155, about 160, about 165, about 170, about 175, about 200, about 225, about 250, about 275, about 300, about 325, about 350, about 375, about 400, about 410, about 420, about 430, about 440 modifications.

In some embodiments, the chimeric xylose isomerase variants of the present invention comprise SEQ ID NOS:23, 25, 27, 29, 31, and/or 33, as well as any of the variants set forth in Table 3-1.

Also suitable for use in the practice of the present invention are polynucleotides encoding a truncated xylose isomerase or sequence variant thereof that is capable of catalyzing the isomerization of D-xylose directly to D-xylulose. These truncation variants may be truncated at the carboxy (C)-terminus and/or the amino (N)-terminus. Typically, the truncation is from about 1 to about 50 amino acid residues. However, it not intended that the present invention be limited to any specific number of truncated amino acid residues.

Those having ordinary skill in the art will understand that due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, a multitude of nucleotide sequences that encode the xylose isomerase polypeptides described herein exist. Table 1 provides the standard triplet genetic code for each amino acid. For example, the codons AGA, AGG, CGA, CGC, CGG, and CGU all encode the amino acid arginine. Thus, at every position in the nucleic acids referred to herein, where an arginine is specified by a codon, the codon can be altered to any of the corresponding codons described above without altering the encoded polypeptide. It is understood that U in an RNA sequence corresponds to T in a DNA sequence. The invention contemplates and provides each and every possible variation of nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide of the invention that could be made by selecting combinations based on possible codon choices.

TABLE 1 Genetic Code 3 Single Letter Letter Amino Acid Code Code Codon(s) Alanine Ala A GCA, GCC, GCG, GCU Cysteine Cys C UGC, UGU Aspartic acid Asp D GAC, GAU Glutamic acid Glu E GAA, GAG Phenylala-nine Phe F UUC, UUU Glycine Gly G GGA, GGC, GGG, GGU Histidine His H CAC, CAU Isoleucine Ile I AUA, AUC, AUU Lysine Lys K AAA, AAG Leucine Leu L UUA, UUG, CUA, CUC, CUG, CUU Methionine Met M AUG Asparagine Asn N AAC, AAU Proline Pro P CCA, CCC, CCG, CCU Glutamine Gln Q CAA, CAG Arginine Arg R AGA, AGG, CGA, CGC, CGG, CGU Serine Ser S AGC, AGU, UCA, UCC, UCG, UCU Threonine Thr T ACA, ACC, ACG, ACU Valine Val V GUA, GUC, GUG, GUU Tryptophan Trp W UGG Tyrosine Tyr Y UAC, UAU

In some embodiments, DNA sequences are designed for high codon usage bias (i.e., codons that are used at higher frequency in the protein coding regions than other codons that code for the same amino acid). The preferred codons may be determined in relation to codon usage in a single gene, a set of genes of common function or origin, highly expressed genes, the codon frequency in the aggregate protein coding regions of the whole organism, codon frequency in the aggregate protein coding regions of related organisms, or combinations thereof. Codons whose frequency increases with the level of gene expression are typically optimal codons for expression. In particular, a DNA sequence can be optimized for expression in a particular host organism. References providing preference information for a wide range of organisms are readily available and known in the art (See e.g., Henaut and Danchin in Neidhardt et al. [eds.], Escherichia coli and Salmonella, ASM Press, Washington D.C., [1987], p. 2047-2066, which is incorporated herein by reference).

A variety of methods are known for determining the codon frequency (e.g., codon usage, relative synonymous codon usage) and codon preference in specific organisms, including multivariate analysis, for example, using cluster analysis or correspondence analysis, and the effective number of codons used in a gene (See, GCG CodonPreference, Genetics Computer Group Wisconsin Package; Peden, Codon W, University of Nottingham; McInerney, Bioinform., 14:372-73 [1998]; Stenico et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 222437-46 [1994]; Wright, Gene 87:23-29 [1990]; Wada et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 20:2111-2118 [1992]; Nakamura et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 28:292 [2000]; and Henaut and Danchin, supra; all of which are incorporated herein by reference). The data source for obtaining codon usage may rely on any available nucleotide sequence capable of coding for a protein. These data sets include nucleic acid sequences actually known to express proteins (e.g., complete protein coding sequences-CDS), expressed sequence tags (ESTs), or predicted coding regions of genomic sequences (See e.g., Mount, Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis, Chapter 8, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., [2001]; Uberbacher, Methods Enzymol., 266:259-281 [1996]; and Tiwari et al., Comput. Appl. Biosci. 13:263-270 [1997]; all of which are incorporated herein by reference). It is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular method, data source and/or data set.

In some embodiments, the xylose isomerase polynucleotide contains codons optimized for expression in a fungal cell, particularly a yeast cell. Some silent mutations (i.e., DNA mutations that do not affect the amino acid sequence of the protein) have been identified in the chimeric xylose isomerase polynucleotide variants provided herein. These silent mutations include those set forth in Table 3-1.

In some embodiments, the xylose isomerase polynucleotides are employed in recombinant nucleic acid constructs that comprise a vector (e.g., a plasmid, a cosmid, a phage, a virus, a yeast artificial chromosome [YAC], and the like), into which a xylose isomerase polynucleotide sequence has been inserted. The xylose isomerase polynucleotides provided herein find use incorporated into any one of a variety of vectors. Suitable vectors include, but are not limited to chromosomal, nonchromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences, yeast plasmids, vectors derived from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA, and many others. Indeed, any suitable vector that transduces genetic material into a cell, and, if replication is desired, that is replicable and viable in the relevant host find use in the present invention.

Nucleic acid constructs of the present invention find use in transforming a host cell to permit the host to express the xylose isomerase polypeptide. Methods for recombinant expression of proteins in fungi are well known in the art, and a number of vectors are available or can be constructed using routine methods (See e.g., Zhu et al., Plasmid 6:128-33 [2009], incorporated herein by reference; and the many standard references in this field).

In some embodiments, recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the present invention further comprise a transcriptional regulatory element that is functional in a fungal cell. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises the xylose isomerase polynucleotide operatively linked to a transcriptional regulatory sequence (e.g., a promoter, transcription termination sequence, and the like), that is functional in a fungal cell. Examples of promoters that are functional in a fungal host cell include, but are not limited to promoters from yeast and filamentous fungi. Promoters that are suitable for use in the practice of the present invention include endogenous or heterologous promoters and include both constitutive and inducible promoters that are natural or modified. Particularly useful promoters are those that are insensitive to catabolite (glucose) repression and/or do not require xylose for induction. Such promoters are well known in the art. In some embodiments, a promoter sequence is operably linked to the 5′ region of the xylose isomerase coding sequence using routine methods that are well known in the art.

Promoters that are suitable for use in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to yeast promoters from glycolytic genes (e.g., yeast phosphofructokinase (PFK), triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD, TDH3 or GAPDH), pyruvate kinase (PYK), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoters, and the like; See e.g., WO 93/03159, incorporated herein by reference); promoters of glucose transporters; ribosomal protein encoding gene promoters; alcohol dehydrogenase promoters (e.g., ADH1, ADH4, and the like), and the enolase promoter (ENO).

Exemplary promoters useful for directing the transcription of the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention in yeast host cells include, but are not limited to those from the genes for Saccharomyces cerevisiae enolase (eno-1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactokinase (gal1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ADH1/ADH2/GAP), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription elongation factor (TEF), Saccharomyces cerevisiae fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA1), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-phosphate glycerate kinase (PGK1). Other useful promoters for yeast host cells are well known in the art (See e.g., Romanos et al., Yeast 8:423-488 [1992], incorporated herein by reference).

Suitable filamentous fungal promoters useful in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to promoters obtained from the genes for Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger acid stable alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (glaA), Rhizomucor miehei lipase, Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease, Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase, Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase, and Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease (See e.g., WO 96/00787, which is incorporated herein by reference), as well as the NA2-tpi promoter (a hybrid of the promoters from the genes for Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase and Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase), promoters such as cbh1, cbh2, egl1, egl2, pepA, hfb1, hfb2, xyn1, amy, and glaA (See, Nunberg et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 4:2306-2315 [1984]; Boel et al., EMBO J. 3:1581-85 [1984]; and EP 0 137 280A, all of which are incorporated herein by reference), and mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters thereof. Promoters associated with chitinase production in fungi also find use in some embodiments (See e.g., Blaiseau and Lafay, Gene 120:243-248 [1992] [filamentous fungus Aphanocladium album]; and Limon et al., Curr. Genet, 28:478-83 [1995] [Trichoderma harzianum]; both of which are incorporated herein by reference).

Any other suitable promoter sequence that drives expression in a fungal host cell, particularly a yeast host cell finds use in the present invention. Suitable promoter sequences can be identified using well known methods. In one approach, a putative promoter sequence is linked 5′ to a sequence encoding a reporter protein, the construct is transfected into the host cell and the level of expression of the reporter is measured. Expression of the reporter can be determined by measuring, for example, mRNA levels of the reporter sequence, an enzymatic activity of the reporter protein, or the amount of reporter protein produced. For example, promoter activity may be determined by using the green fluorescent protein as coding sequence (See e.g., Henriksen et al., Microbiol., 145:729-34 [1999], which is incorporated herein by reference) or a lacZ reporter gene (See e.g., Punt et al., Gene, 197:189-93 [1997], which is incorporated herein by reference). In some embodiments, functional promoters are derived from naturally occurring promoter sequences by directed evolution methods (See e.g., Wright et al., Hum. Gene Ther., 16:881-892 [2005], which is incorporated herein by reference).

In some embodiments, heterologous and/or recombinant transcription termination sequences find use in the present invention. There are various exemplary transcription termination sequences (terminators) functional in fungal host cells, include transcription termination sequences from yeast and filamentous fungi well known in the art. In some embodiments, the transcription termination sequence is a yeast sequence. Exemplary yeast transcription termination sequences include, but are not limited to CYC1, ADH1t, ADH2t, etc. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention contain a ribosome binding site for translation initiation. In some embodiments, the construct includes appropriate sequences for amplifying expression (e.g., an enhancer). Such elements are well known in the art and any suitable enhancers and/or transcription termination sequences, and/or ribosome binding sites find use in the present invention.

In some additional embodiments, nucleic acid constructs of the present invention contain one or more selectable marker genes to provide a phenotypic trait for selection of transformed host cells. Suitable marker genes include, but are not limited to those coding for antimicrobial resistance such as, ampicillin (ampR), kanamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin or spectinomycin (e.g., the aada gene); including but not limited to the streptomycin phosphotransferase (spt) gene coding for streptomycin resistance, the neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene encoding kanamycin or geneticin resistance, the nourseothricin acetyltransferase (nat1) gene coding for nourseothricin resistance, the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) gene coding for hygromycin resistance, genes encoding dihydrofolate reductase, phleomycin, or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, and tetracycline or ampicillin resistance in E. coli, as well as other marker genes that are well known in the art. Indeed, any suitable marker gene finds use in the present invention.

In some embodiments, nucleic acid constructs of the present invention typically comprise a fungal origin of replication (e.g., a filamentous fungal or yeast origin of replication). In some embodiments, the recombinant nucleic acid constructs of the present invention comprise a yeast origin of replication. Examples include, but are not limited to constructs containing autonomous replicating sequences, constructs containing 2 micron DNA including the autonomous replicating sequence and rep genes, constructs containing centromeres like the CEN6, CEN4, CEN11, CDN3 and autonomous replicating sequences, and other like sequences that are well known in the art. Exemplary nucleic acid constructs include constructs suitable for transforming yeast. These include, but are not limited to episomal constructs based on the yeast 2μ or CEN origin based plasmids like pYES2/CT, pYES3/CT, pESC/His, pESC/Ura, pESC/Trp, pES/Leu, p427TEF, pRS405, pRS406, pRS413, and other yeast-based constructs that are known in the art. Indeed, any suitable origin of replication finds use in the present invention.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention comprise elements to facilitate integration of the xylose isomerase polynucleotide into a fungal host chromosome (i.e., the genome), by either homologous or non-homologous recombination and/or either site-directed and/or random mutagenesis. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs comprise elements that facilitate homologous integration. In some embodiments, the xylose isomerase polynucleotide is integrated at one or more sites and is present in one or more copies. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises the xylose isomerase polynucleotide and no promoter that is operatively linked to the xylose isomerase polynucleotide. This type of construct typically comprises genetic elements to facilitate integration into the fungal host chromosome at a location that is downstream of a native promoter (i.e., in the host chromosome). In some embodiments, a second nucleic acid comprising a promoter and genetic elements to facilitate integration into the fungal host chromosome in a location upstream of the targeted integration site of the xylose isomerase polynucleotide finds use. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises the xylose isomerase polynucleotide operatively linked to a promoter or promoter and terminator sequences such that all are integrated into the host chromosome (genome). It is contemplated that any suitable element that facilitates integration will find use in the present invention.

Genetic elements that facilitate integration by homologous recombination include those having sequence homology to targeted integration sites in the fungal host chromosome (genome). Suitable sites that find use as targets for integration include, but are not limited to the TY1 loci, the RDN loci, the ura3 locus, the GPD locus, aldose reductase (GRE3) locus, etc. Those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that additional sites for integration can be readily identified using methods known in the art, including but not limited to microarray analysis, metabolic flux analysis, comparative genome hybridization analysis, etc.

Genetic elements or techniques that facilitate integration by non-homologous recombination include, but are not limited to restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) (See e.g., Manivasakam et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 18(3):1736-1745 [1998], incorporated herein by reference), transposon-mediated integration, and other elements and methods that are well known in the art. Indeed, any suitable method that facilitates homologous and/or non-homologous recombination finds use in the present invention.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs of the present invention comprise at least one further recombinant polynucleotide that is capable of conferring a desired phenotype to a fungal host cell, particularly in the context of xylose fermentation. In some embodiments, the recombinant polynucleotide that is capable of conferring an improved phenotype to the fungal host cell is a non-coding polynucleotide (e.g., a regulatory polynucleotide), a coding polynucleotide, or combination thereof.

Exemplary further desired phenotypes include, but are not limited to increased transport of xylose into the host cell, increased xylulose kinase activity, increased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, decreased sensitivity to catabolite repression, increased tolerance to ethanol, increased tolerance to increased osmolarity, increased tolerance to organic acids, reduced production of by-products, and other similar properties related to increasing flux through the pentose phosphate and glycolysis pathways to produce a desired metabolic product/intermediate at higher levels as compared to the corresponding wild-type host cell. In some embodiments, the desired metabolic product is an alcohol (e.g., ethanol).

In some embodiments, nucleic acid constructs comprising at least one further polynucleotide that is capable of conferring a desired phenotype to a fungal host cell comprise a polynucleotide encoding a protein known to impact the desired phenotype, wherein the polynucleotide is either native or heterologous to the fungal host cell. In some embodiments, this polynucleotide is operatively linked to its native promoter, or to a heterologous promoter (i.e., a promoter that is not associated with the polynucleotide in the corresponding native gene). In some embodiments, at least one further polynucleotide is overexpressed. In some additional embodiments, the nucleic acid constructs comprise multiple copies of a least one polynucleotide. Suitable polynucleotides include, but are not limited to those that facilitate overexpression of proteins known to have an impact on the desired phenotype.

Exemplary recombinant polynucleotides that are capable of conferring a desired phenotype to a fungal host cell include, but are not limited to recombinant polynucleotides (either wild-type or mutated forms) that encode a xylose and/or hexose transporter, xylulose kinase (XKS), at least one enzyme from the pentose phosphate pathway (See e.g., FIG. 2A), at least one glycolytic enzyme (i.e., from the glycolytic metabolic pathway; See e.g., FIG. 2B), at least one ethanologenic enzyme (See e.g., FIG. 2C), regulatory sequences that enhance expression of these sequences, and/or combinations thereof. Additional recombinant polynucleotides (either wild-type or mutated forms) that find use in the present invention include, but are not limited to those that encode additional proteins involved in the pentose phosphate, glycolysis, and ethanologenic pathways (See e.g., FIGS. 2A-C), used alone or in combination in various embodiments of the present invention.

In some embodiments, transporter proteins find use in the present invention. Exemplary transporters include, but are not limited to GXF1, SUT1 and At6g59250 from Candida intermedia, Pichia stipitis and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively (See e.g., Runquist et al., Biotechnol. Biofuels, 3:5 [2010], incorporated herein by reference), as well as HXT4, HXT5, HXT7, GAL2, AGT1, GXF2 (See e.g., Matsushika et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 84:37-53 [2009], incorporated herein by reference). In some embodiments, overexpression of native S. cerevisiae transporters is desirable, particularly HXT5 and HXT7.

In some embodiments, additional recombinant polynucleotides find use, including but not limited to those that encode: xylulose kinase (XK); an enzyme from the pentose phosphate pathway (e.g., a ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase (RPE1), ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase (RKI1), transketolase (TKL1), transaldolase (TAL1), etc.); glycolytic enzyme(s) (e.g., a hexokinase (HXK1/HXK2), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), pyruvate kinase (PVK2), etc.); and/or at least one ethanologenic enzyme (e.g., pyruvate decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, etc.).

In some embodiments of the present invention, regulatory polynucleotides find use. Exemplary regulatory polynucleotides include promoters, enhancers, terminators, and any other suitable regulatory element that functions to improve the expression of polynucleotides in a fungal host cell, particularly, a yeast host cell. These polynucleotides include, but are not limited to the regulatory elements described hereinabove.

The nucleic acid constructs described herein are useful for transforming fungal host cells to confer to these cells the property of xylose utilization.

Recombinant Fungal Host Cells

The present invention provides a recombinant fungal host cell comprising at least one xylose isomerase polynucleotide provided herein. In some embodiments, the recombinant fungal host cell comprises at least one polynucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the isomerization of D-xylose directly to D-xylulose. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is selected from: (a) a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical to SEQ ID NO:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, and/or any of the variants set forth in Table 3-1; and (b) a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the complement of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, and/or any of the variants set forth in Table 3-1.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a recombinant fungal host cell comprising and/or transformed with a nucleic acid construct of the present invention. In some embodiments, the xylose isomerase polynucleotide is integrated into the host cell genome. Typically, the recombinant fungal host cell is a filamentous fungal or yeast host cell. More typically, the recombinant fungal host cell is a yeast host cell.

The present invention also provides methods for producing a recombinant fungal host cell, wherein the method comprises: (a) providing at least one nucleic acid construct of the present invention, wherein the nucleic acid construct comprises at least one xylose isomerase polynucleotide provided herein; and (b) transforming a fungal host cell with the nucleic acid construct to produce a recombinant fungal host cell. In some embodiments, the xylose isomerase polynucleotide sequence is integrated into the host cell genome.

Introduction of the expression construct of the present invention into the host cell can be accomplished using any suitable method, including but not limited to calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, electroporation, or any other suitable technique. Indeed, there are numerous methods known in the art and described in various standard reference texts.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the fungal host cells include yeast and filamentous fungal host cells. In some additional embodiments, the fungal host cell is a yeast cell. Exemplary yeast host cells useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to Candida, Hansenula, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, and Yarrowia. In some embodiments of the invention, the yeast cell is Hansenula polymorpha, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Saccharomyces norbensis, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Pichia pastoris, Pichia finlandica, Pichia trehalophila, Pichia kodamae, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia opuntiae, Pichia thermotolerans, Pichia salictaria, Pichia quercuum, Pichia pijperi, Pichia stipitis, Pichia methanolica, Pichia angusta, Kluyveromyces lactis, Candida albicans, or Yarrowia lipolytica. In some embodiments, the yeast host cell is Saccharomyces species. In some additional embodiments, the yeast host cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, it is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular genus and/or species of yeast cells.

Yeast strains that find use in the present invention include, but are not limited to those available from various yeast collections, such as Lallemand 6469, Lallemand LYCC 6391, Lallemand LYCC 6939, Lallemand LYCC 6469, Lallemand LYCC 6469 (all from Lallemand, Inc., Montreal, Canada); NRRL YB-1952 (ARS(NRRL) Collection, U.S. Department of Agriculture); and BY4741 (available from the ATCC and other sources).

Suitable fungal host cells include, but are not limited to, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Deuteromycota, Zygomycota, and Fungi imperfecti. The filamentous fungal host cells of the present invention include, but are not limited to all filamentous forms of the subdivision Eumycotina and Oomycota. Filamentous fungi are characterized by a vegetative mycelium with a cell wall composed of chitin, cellulose and other complex polysaccharides. In some embodiments, the filamentous fungal host cells of the present invention are morphologically distinct from yeast.

In some embodiments, the filamentous fungal host cell is a cell of a species of Achlya, Acremonium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Bjerkandera, Ceriporiopsis, Cephalosporium, Chrysosporium, Cochliobolus, Corynascus, Cryphonectria, Cryptococcus, Coprinus, Coriolus, Diplodia, Endothia, Fusarium, Gibberella, Gliocladium, Humicola, Hypocrea, Myceliophthora, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Podospora, Phlebia, Piromyces, Pyricularia, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus, Schizophyllum, Scytalidium, Sporotrichum, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Trametes, Tolypocladium, Trichoderma, Verticillium, Volvariella, or teleomorphs, or anamorphs, and synonyms, basonyms, and/or taxonomic equivalents thereof. However, it is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular genus and/or species of filamentous fungal cells.

In some embodiments of the invention, the filamentous fungal host cell is of the Aspergillus species, Ceriporiopsis species, Chrysosporium species, Corynascus species, Fusarium species, Humicola species, Neurospora species, Penicillium species, Tolypocladium species, Tramates species, or Trichoderma species. However, it is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular genus and/or species of filamentous fungal cells.

Additionally, exemplary filamentous fungal host cells that find use in the present invention include, but are not limited to a filamentous fungal host cell of Trichoderma (e.g., T. longibrachiatum, T. viride [e.g., ATCC 32098 and 32086], T. reesei [NRRL 15709, ATTC 13631, 56764, 56765, 56466, 56767, and RL-P37 and derivatives thereof; See e.g., Sheir-Neiss et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 20:46-53 [1984], incorporated herein by reference), T. koningii, and T. harzianum), as well as Hypocrea jecorina. The term “Trichoderma” refers to any fungal strain that was previously classified as Trichoderma or is currently classified as Trichoderma.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the filamentous fungal host cell is an Aspergillus species (e.g., A. awamori, A. funigatus, A. japonicas, A. nidulans, A. niger. A. aculeatus, A. foetidus, A. oryzae, A. sojae, or A. kawachi (See e.g., Kelly and Hynes, EMBO J., 4:475479 [1985]; NRRL 3112, ATCC 11490, 22342, 44733, and 14331; Yelton et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81, 1480-1474 [1984]; Tilburn et al., Gene 26, 205-221 [1982]; and Johnston et al., EMBO J., 4:1307-1311 [1985], all of which are incorporated herein by reference). In some embodiments of the invention, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Fusarium species (e.g., F. bacterioides, F. cerealis, F. crookwellense, F. culmorum, F. graminaearum, F. graminum, F. oxysporum, F. rosium, or F. venenatum). In some embodiments of the invention, the filamentous fungal host cell is of a Neurospora species (e.g., N. crassa; See e.g., Case, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76:5259-5263 [1979]; U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,553; and Kinsey and Rambosek, Mol. Cell. Biol., 4:117-122 [1984], all of which are incorporated herein by reference). In some embodiments of the invention, the filamentous fungal host cell is of a Humicola species (e.g., H. insolens. H. grisea, or H. lanuginose). In some embodiments of the invention, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Mucor species (e.g., M. miehei or M. circinelloides). In some embodiments of the invention, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Rhizopus species (e.g., R. oryzae or R. niveus). In some embodiments of the invention, the filamentous fungal host cell is of a Penicillium species (e.g., P. purpurogenum, P. chrysogenum, or P. verruculosum). In some embodiments of the invention, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Thielavia species (e.g., T. terrestris). In some embodiments of the invention, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Tolypocladium species (e.g., T. inflatum or T. geodes). In some embodiments of the invention, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Trametes species (e.g., T. villosa or T. versicolor). In some embodiments of the invention, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Chrysosporium species, (e.g., C. lucknowense, C. keratinophilum, C. tropicum, C. merdarium, C. Mops, C. pannicola, or C. zonatum). In some embodiments of the invention, the filamentous fungal host cell is of the Myceliophthora species, e.g., M. thermophila.

Strains that find use in the present invention include those that are readily accessible to the public from a number of culture collections, including but not limited to the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkutlturen GmbH (DSM), Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), and Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Center (NRRL). Strains that find use in the present invention include those that are readily accessible to the public from any commercial source.

Recombinant fungal host cells of the present invention are capable of growth in a xylose-based culture medium (i.e., a culture medium where xylose is the primary carbon source). In these xylose-based culture media, the carbon source comprises xylose. In some xylose-based culture media, the carbon source consists of xylose. In some embodiments, the recombinant fungal host cell is capable of faster growth in a xylose-based culture medium as compared to the corresponding wild-type fungal host cell. In some embodiments, the recombinant fungal host cell is capable of faster growth in a xylose-based culture medium as compared to wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the recombinant fungal host cell is capable of growth at a rate of at least about 0.2 per hour (h⁻¹) in a xylose-based culture medium, while in some other embodiments, the growth rate is at least about 0.3 or 0.4 per hour (h⁻¹). Growth rate can be determined using any suitable method, including optical density, cell counting methods, etc. Indeed, there are various well known methods for determining cell growth that find use in the present invention. Exemplary xylose-based culture media include culture media that have been formulated to contain xylose (See e.g., Example 2 herein), as well as feedstock obtained from a cellulosic saccharification process and/or feedstock from a hemicellulose pre-treatment process (i.e., a “hemicellulosic feedstock”).

In some embodiments, recombinant fungal host cells of the present invention are also capable of fermenting xylose when provided with a xylose based culture medium. Typically, the recombinant fungal host cells described herein are capable of fermenting xylose at a faster rate compared to the corresponding wild-type fungal host cell. In some embodiments, the recombinant fungal host cells are capable of fermenting xylose at a rate of at least about 1 g/L/h, while in some additional embodiments, the recombinant fungal host cells are capable of fermenting xylose at a rate of at least about 2 g/L/h. In some embodiments the recombinant fungal host cells are capable of fermenting xylose at a rate of at least 0.5 g/g CDW/h, while in some additional embodiments, the fungal host cells are capable of fermenting xylose at a rate of 0.25 g/g CDW/h, and in some further embodiments, the fungal host cells are capable of fermenting xylose at a rate of 0.1 g/g CDW/h. Exemplary xylose-based culture media include, but are not limited to culture media that have been formulated to contain xylose, as well as feedstock from cellulosic saccharification processes and/or feedstock from a hemicellulose pre-treatment process (i.e., a “hemicellulosic feedstock”).

In some embodiments, the fungal host cell is a wild-type fungal cell, while in some other embodiments, it is a mutated or otherwise altered or engineered form of a wild-type fungal cell (i.e., a recombinant cell). In some embodiments, the fungal host cell (either wild-type or otherwise altered or engineered) comprises polynucleotides encoding a xylulokinase and one or more enzymes in the pentose phosphate, glycolytic, and/or ethanologenic pathways. In some embodiments, the fungal host cell comprises polynucleotides encoding at least one xylulokinase and all or some of the enzymes in the pentose phosphate, glycolytic, and ethanologenic pathways. In some embodiments, the fungal host cell comprises recombinant polynucleotides encoding enzymes that are heterologous to the fungal host cell (i.e., not native to the fungal host cell). In some additional embodiments, the fungal host cell is engineered to comprise other metabolic pathways that utilize products/intermediates from the pentose phosphate, glycolytic, and/or ethanologenic pathways to produce other desirable products. For example, in some embodiments, the fungal host cell is engineered to comprise at least one metabolic pathway for the biosynthesis of a fatty alcohol or fatty acid (See e.g., WO 2007/136762, incorporated herein by reference). In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol or fatty acid is a C8-C20 fatty acid or fatty alcohol. In some embodiments, the fungal host cell is altered or engineered to overexpress any one or more of the polynucleotides encoding the enzymes in one or more of these metabolic pathways.

In some embodiments, the recombinant fungal host cell of the present invention further comprises genetic modifications in addition to the xylose isomerase polynucleotide. In some embodiments, in addition to having a xylose isomerase polynucleotide described herein, the recombinant host cell comprises at least one different recombinant polynucleotide that is capable of conferring a further desired phenotype to the fungal host cell. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a recombinant fungal host cell comprising at least one chimeric xylose isomerase polynucleotide and/or variant thereof as described herein, and at least one recombinant polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide that differs from the chimeric xylose isomerase or variant thereof, wherein the recombinant polynucleotide imparts a desired phenotype to the fungal host cell. It is contemplated that in some embodiments, the recombinant polynucleotide that is capable of conferring a desired phenotype to the fungal host cell is introduced to the fungal host cell in the same nucleic construct as the xylose isomerase polynucleotide, while in some other embodiments, the recombinant polynucleotide that is capable of conferring a desired phenotype to the fungal host cell is introduced to the fungal host cell in a different nucleic construct as the xylose isomerase polynucleotide. Nucleic acid constructs of the present invention comprising both a xylose isomerase polynucleotide and at least one further recombinant polynucleotide capable of conferring a desired phenotype to the fungal host cell are described above.

In some embodiments, the recombinant polynucleotide that is capable of conferring a desired phenotype to the fungal host cell is a non-coding polynucleotide (e.g., a regulatory polynucleotide), a coding polynucleotide, or a combination thereof. As described above, exemplary further desired phenotypes include, but are not limited to increased transport of xylose into the host cell, increased xylulose kinase activity, increased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, decreased sensitivity to catabolite repression, increased tolerance to ethanol, increased tolerance to increased osmolarity, increased tolerance to organic acids, reduced production of by-products, and other like properties related to increasing flux through the pentose phosphate, glycolysis, and/or ethanologenic pathways to produce the desired metabolic product/intermediate at higher levels as compared to the corresponding wild-type host cell. In some embodiments, the desired metabolic product is an alcohol (e.g., ethanol).

In some embodiments, recombinant fungal host cells comprising at least one further polynucleotide capable of conferring a desired phenotype to the fungal host cell comprise at least one polynucleotide encoding a protein known to impact the desired phenotype, wherein the polynucleotide is either native or heterologous to the fungal host cell. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide(s) is/are operatively linked to the native promoter(s), while in some other embodiments, the polynucleotide is operatively linked to a heterologous promoter (i.e., one not associated with the polynucleotide in the corresponding native gene). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is overexpressed. In some embodiments, the recombinant fungal host cell comprises multiple copies of the polynucleotide. Suitable polynucleotides include, but are not limited to those that facilitate overexpression of proteins known to have an impact on the desired phenotype. Therefore, in some embodiments, the fungal host cell is altered or engineered to overexpress one or more polynucleotides.

In some embodiments, recombinant polynucleotides that are capable of imparting a desired phenotype to a fungal host cell find use in the present invention include, but are not limited to recombinant polynucleotides that encode a xylose or hexose transporter, xylulose kinase (XKS), at least one enzyme from the pentose phosphate pathway (See e.g., FIG. 2A), at least one glycolytic enzyme (i.e., from the metabolic pathway of glycolysis; See e.g., FIG. 2B), ethanologenic enzyme(s) (See e.g., FIG. 2C), regulatory sequences associated with any of these sequences, and any combination thereof.

As indicated above, exemplary transporters that find use in the present invention include, but are not limited to GXF1, SUT1 and At6g59250 from Candida intermedia, Pichia stipitis, and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively (See e.g., Runquist et al., 84:37-53 [2010], incorporated herein by reference), HXT4, HXT5, HXT7, GAL2, AGT1, and GXF2, (See e.g., Matsushika et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 84:37-53 [2009]). In some embodiments, overexpression of native S. cerevisiae transporters is desirable, particularly HXT5 and HXT7.

Also as indicated, above, recombinant polynucleotides suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to those that encode: xylulose kinase (XK); at least one enzyme from the pentose phosphate pathway (e.g., a ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase (RPE1), ribose-5-phosphate ketol-isomerase (RKI1), transketolase (TKL1), transaldolase (TAL1), etc.); at least one glycolytic enzyme (e.g., hexokinase (HXK1/HXK2), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), pyruvate kinase (PVK2), etc.; and at least one ethanologenic enzyme (e.g., pyruvate decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, etc.).

As indicated above, exemplary regulatory polynucleotides that find use in the present invention include promoters, enhancer, terminator, and other regulatory elements that function to improve the expression of polynucleotides in a fungal host cell, particularly, a yeast host cell, as described above.

In some embodiments, recombinant host cells of the present invention comprise one or more native genes deleted from its genome. In some embodiments, the deletion(s) cause removal or diminishment of a biological activity that is otherwise exhibited by the fungal host cell. In some embodiments, the cumulative effect of the deletion(s) also leads to an improvement in a phenotype of the fungal host cell. Any suitable method for deleting gene finds use in the present invention. There are numerous methods well known in the art. For example, in some embodiments, recombinant host cells of the present invention have certain native genes deleted from the host genome in order to improve the utilization of pentose sugars (e.g., xylose), increase transport of xylose into the host cell, increase xylulose kinase activity, increase flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, decrease sensitivity to catabolite repression, increase tolerance to ethanol/acetate, increase tolerance to increased osmolarity, increase tolerance to organic acids (low pH), reduce production of by-products, and other like properties related to increasing flux through the relevant pathways to produce ethanol and other desired metabolic products at higher levels, where comparison is made with respect to the corresponding host cell without the deletion(s). Genes targeted for deletion include, but are not limited to genes encoding enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway, a glycolytic enzyme, and/or an ethanologenic enzyme, as well as any other gene, the deletion of which provides an advantage.

In some embodiments, other genes are targeted for deletion, including but not limited to those encoding aldose reductase (GRE3) (See e.g., Matsushika et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 84:37-53 [2009]), sorbitol dehydrogenases (SOR1/SOR2), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH1), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (GND), glucose-5-phosphate dehydrogenase (ZWF1), and any enzyme for which its deletion is known in the art to improve the utilization of a pentose sugar, decrease by-product formation, and/or increase the ethanol yield of a fungal host cell. The genes encoding these enzymes in many fungi are known in the art. Those having ordinary skill in the art appreciate that additional genes encoding these and other enzymes of interest can be readily identified using various suitable techniques, such as by microarray analysis (See e.g., Sedlak et al., Yeast 21:671-684 [2004]), metabolic flux analysis (See e.g., Sonderegger et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70(4):2307-2317 [2004]), in silico modeling (See e.g., Hjersted et al., Biotechnol. Bioengineer. 97(5):1190-1204 [2007]), chemogenomics (See e.g., Teixeira et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75(18):5761-5772 [2009]), and other well known methods. Indeed, any suitable method finds use in the present invention.

In some embodiments, the host cells employed in the practice of the present invention are mutagenized and/or evolved to exhibit further desired phenotypes, for example, further improvement in the utilization of pentose sugars (e.g., xylose, arabinose, etc.), increased transport of xylose into the host cell, increased xylulose kinase activity, increased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, decreased sensitivity to catabolite repression, increased tolerance to ethanol/acetate, increased tolerance to increased osmolarity, increased tolerance to organic acids (low pH), reduced production of by-products, and other like properties related to increasing flux through the pentose phosphate and glycolysis pathways to produce a desired metabolic product/intermediate at higher levels. In some embodiments, the desired metabolic product is an alcohol (e.g., ethanol). In some embodiments, the host cells are mutagenized and/or evolved using known methods either prior to or after transformation with one or at least one xylose isomerase polynucleotide. These methods include, but are not limited to classical mutagenesis, whole genome shuffling, evolutionary engineering methods, methods that employ screening and/or selection methods, and/or any combination of such well known methods.

Classical mutagenesis methods that find use in the present invention include, but are not limited to treatment of the host cell with a mutagen such as a chemical mutagen or irradiation exposure (e.g., ultraviolet or gamma-irradiation). Whole genome shuffling methods involving, for example, recombination of genomic DNA between native genomic DNA sequences and/or variants thereof, can be facilitated by sexual mating, protoplast fusion methods and other methods well known in the art (See e.g., WO 98/31837 and WO 2000/04190, incorporated herein by reference) also find use. In some embodiments, these methods are coupled with screening and/or selection methods to identify altered fungal host cells that exhibit the desired phenotype. For example, such methods find use in altering or engineering a fungal host cell to overexpress one or more desired polynucleotides. Indeed, any suitable method finds use in the present invention.

In some embodiments, evolutionary engineering is accomplished by prolonged cultivation and selection of strains under desired conditions through chemostat, turbidostat and/or batch cultures. Evolutionary engineering methods can be practiced under aerobic, microaerophilic or anaerobic conditions. Selection strategies can be optimized by varying culture conditions, for example, carbon source, nitrogen source, aeration, pH and temperature. Methods for evolutionary engineering are well known in the art (See e.g., Wisselink et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75(4):907-914 [2009]; Kuyper et al., FEMS Yeast Res., 5:399-409 [2005]; and Sauer, Adv. Biochem. Engineer. Biotechnol., 73:129-169 [2001], all of which are incorporated herein by reference). Indeed, any suitable method finds use in the present invention.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the recombinant fungal host cell comprising a xylose isomerase polynucleotide exhibits an improved phenotype relative to the corresponding fungal host cell without the xylose isomerase polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the improved phenotype comprises further improvement in the utilization of pentose sugars (e.g., xylose, arabinose, etc.), increased transport of xylose into the host cell, increased xylulose kinase activity, increased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, decreased sensitivity to catabolite repression, increased tolerance to ethanol/acetate, increased tolerance to increased osmolarity, increased tolerance to organic acids (low pH), and reduced production of by products, and/or other properties.

Enzyme Mixtures

In some embodiments, the present invention provides an enzyme mixture that comprises at least one xylose isomerase variant polypeptide as provided herein. In some embodiments, the enzyme mixture is cell-free (i.e., an enzyme mixture comprising enzymes that have been separated from cells), while in some alternative embodiments, the enzymes are not separated from the host cells that secrete at least one enzyme mixture component. Cell-free enzyme mixtures can be prepared by any of a variety of methodologies known in the art (e.g., filtration and/or centrifugation methodologies). In some embodiments, the enzyme mixtures are partially cell-free, substantially cell-free, or entirely cell-free.

In some embodiments, at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and any additional enzymes present in the enzyme mixture are secreted from a single genetically modified cell (e.g., a fungal host cell), while in some additional embodiments, at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and any additional enzymes present in the enzyme mixture are secreted from different microbes in combined or separate fermentations. Similarly, in some additional embodiments, at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and any additional enzymes present in the enzyme mixture are expressed individually or in sub-groups from different strains of different organisms and the enzymes are combined in vitro to make the enzyme mixture. It is also contemplated that the xylose isomerases and any additional enzymes in the enzyme mixture are expressed individually or in sub-groups from different strains of a single organism, and the enzymes combined to make the enzyme mixture. In some embodiments, all of the enzymes are expressed from a single host organism, such as a genetically modified fungal cell. In some embodiments, the enzymes described in WO 2011/041594, WO 2011/066457, WO 2011/14363, WO 2011/150318, WO 2012/024698, WO 2012/027282, WO 2010/148148, WO 2012/024662, WO 2012/044868, WO 2012/061432, US Pat. Appln. Publ. No. 2012/0003703, US Pat. Appln. Publ. No. 2012/0083019, US Pat. Appln. Publ. No. 2012/0077216, US Pat. Appln. Publ. No. 2012/0045793, US Pat. Appln. Publ. No. 2012/0088271, US Pat. Appln. Publ. No. 2012/0107881, and/or U.S. Pat. No. 8,143,050 (all of which are incorporated herein by reference), find use in the present invention.

In some embodiments, the enzyme mixture comprises at least one cellulase, selected from cellobiohydrolase (CBH), endoglucanase (EG), and/or beta-glucosidase (BGI) cellulase. Cellulase enzymes of the cellulase mixture work together in decrystallizing and hydrolyzing the cellulose from a biomass substrate to yield soluble sugars, such as but not limited to glucose (See e.g., Brigham et al. in Wyman ([ed.], Handbook on Bioethanol, Taylor and Francis, Washington D.C. [1995], pp 119-141, incorporated herein by reference). In some embodiments, the cellobiohydrolase is T. reesei cellobiohydrolase II. In some embodiments, the endoglucanase comprises a catalytic domain derived from the catalytic domain of a Streptomyces avermitilis endoglucanase. In some embodiments, at least one cellulase is Acidothermus cellulolyticus, Thermobifida fusca, Humicola grisea, and/or a Chrysosporium sp. cellulase. It is intended that the present invention encompass enzyme mixtures comprising any suitable cellulase obtained from any suitable source. It is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular cellulase and/or cellulase source.

Cellulase mixtures for efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose are known (See e.g., Viikari et al., Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol., 108:121-45 [2007]; and US Pat. Publns. 2009/0061484; US 2008/0057541; and US 2009/0209009, each of which is incorporated herein by reference). In some embodiments, mixtures of purified naturally occurring or recombinant enzymes are combined with cellulosic feedstock or a product of cellulose hydrolysis. In some embodiments, one or more cell populations, each producing one or more naturally occurring or recombinant cellulases, are combined with cellulosic feedstock or a product of cellulose hydrolysis.

In some embodiments, at least one chimeric xylose isomerase polypeptide of the present invention is present in mixtures comprising at least one additional enzyme other than cellulases that degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and/or lignocellulose. In some embodiments, the enzyme mixtures comprise at least one chimeric xylose isomerase of the present invention, at least one cellulase, and at least one additional enzyme. In some embodiments, the enzymes comprise at least one xylanase, xylosidase, furanosidase, glucoronidase, esterase, acetylxylanesterase, feruloyl esterase, coumaroyl esterase, galactosidases, mannanases, mannosidases, pectinase, lyase, polygalacturonate lyase, galacturonase, pectin methyl esterase, galactanase, pectin acetyl esterase, pectin lyase, pectate lyase, rhamnosidase, polygalacturonate lyase, rhamnogalacturonanase, rhamnogalacturonan lyase, galacturonohydrolase, arabinase, lignin-degrading enzyme, laccase, peroxidase, lipase, protease, amylase, expansin, expansin-like protein, cellulose integrating protein, scaffoldin, scaffoldin-like protein, cellulose-induced protein or modulating protein, and/or any additional enzyme of interest.

A “hemicellulase” as used herein, refers to a polypeptide that can catalyze hydrolysis of hemicellulose into small polysaccharides such as oligosaccharides, or monomeric saccharides. Hemicellulloses include xylan, glucuonoxylan, arabinoxylan, glucomannan and xyloglucan. Hemicellulases include, for example, the following: endoxylanases, b-xylosidases, a-L-arabinofuranosidases, a-D-glucuronidases, feruloyl esterases, coumarolyl esterases, a-galactosidases, b-galactosidases, b-mannanases, and b-mannosidases. In some embodiments, the present invention provides enzyme mixtures that comprise at least one xylose isomerase variant of the present invention and one or more hemicellulases.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and at least one endoxylanase. Endoxylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) catalyze the endohydrolysis of 1,4-β-D-xylosidic linkages in xylans. This enzyme may also be referred to as endo-1,4-β-xylanase or 1,4-β-D-xylan xylanohydrolase. In some embodiments, an alternative is EC 3.2.1.136, a glucuronoarabinoxylan endoxylanase, an enzyme that is able to hydrolyze 1,4 xylosidic linkages in glucuronoarabinoxylans.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and at least one β-xylosidase. β-xylosidases (EC 3.2.1.37) catalyze the hydrolysis of 1,4-β-D-xylans, to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini. This enzyme may also be referred to as xylan 1,4-β-xylosidase, 1,4-β-D-xylan xylohydrolase, exo-1,4-β-xylosidase or xylobiase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and at least one α-L-arabinofuranosidase. α-L-arabinofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.55) catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing alpha-L-arabinofuranoside residues in alpha-L-arabinosides. The enzyme acts on alpha-L-arabinofuranosides, alpha-L-arabinans containing (1,3)- and/or (1,5)-linkages, arabinoxylans, and arabinogalactans. Alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase is also known as arabinosidase, alpha-arabinosidase, alpha-L-arabinosidase, alpha-arabinofuranosidase, arabinofuranosidase, polysaccharide alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, alpha-L-arabinofuranoside hydrolase, L-arabinosidase and alpha-L-arabinanase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and at least one alpha-glucuronidase. Alpha-glucuronidases (EC 3.2.1.139) catalyze the hydrolysis of an alpha-D-glucuronoside to D-glucuronate and an alcohol.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least chimeric xylose isomerase and at least one acetylxylanesterase. Acetylxylanesterases (EC 3.1.1.72) catalyze the hydrolysis of acetyl groups from polymeric xylan, acetylated xylose, acetylated glucose, alpha-napthyl acetate, and p-nitrophenyl acetate.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and at least one feruloyl esterase. Feruloyl esterases (EC 3.1.1.73) have 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl-sugar hydrolase activity (EC 3.1.1.73) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl (feruloyl) group from an esterified sugar, which is usually arabinose in “natural” substrates, to produce ferulate (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate). Feruloyl esterase is also known as ferulic acid esterase, hydroxycinnamoyl esterase, FAE-III, cinnamoyl ester hydrolase, FAEA, cinnAE, FAE-I, or FAE-II.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and at least one coumaroyl esterase. Coumaroyl esterases (EC 3.1.1.73) catalyze a reaction of the form: coumaroyl-saccharide+H₂O=coumarate+saccharide. In some embodiments, the saccharide is an oligosaccharide or a polysaccharide. This enzyme may also be referred to as trans-4-coumaroyl esterase, trans-p-coumaroyl esterase, p-coumaroyl esterase or p-coumaric acid esterase. The enzyme also falls within EC 3.1.1.73 so may also be referred to as a feruloyl esterase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and at least one alpha-galactosidase. Alpha-galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.22) catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing α-D-galactose residues in α-D-galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans, galactans and arabinogalactans. This enzyme may also be referred to as melibiase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and at least one beta-galactosidase. Beta-galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23) catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing β-D-galactose residues in β-D-galactosides. In some embodiments, the polypeptide is also capable of hydrolyzing α-L-arabinosides. This enzyme may also be referred to as exo-(1->4)-β-D-galactanase or lactase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and at least one beta-mannanase. Beta-mannanases (EC 3.2.1.78) catalyze the random hydrolysis of 1,4-β-D-mannosidic linkages in mannans, galactomannans and glucomannans. This enzyme may also be referred to as mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase or endo-1,4-mannanase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and at least one beta-mannosidase. Beta-mannosidases (EC 3.2.1.25) catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing β-D-mannose residues in β-D-mannosides. This enzyme may also be referred to as mannanase or mannase.

In some embodiments one or more enzymes that degrade pectin are included in enzyme mixtures that comprise at least one chimeric xylose isomerase of the present invention. A pectinase catalyzes the hydrolysis of pectin into smaller units such as oligosaccharide or monomeric saccharides. In some embodiments, the enzyme mixtures comprise any pectinase, for example an endo-polygalacturonase, a pectin methyl esterase, an endo-galactanase, a pectin acetyl esterase, an endo-pectin lyase, pectate lyase, alpha rhamnosidase, an exo-galacturonase, an exo-polygalacturonate lyase, a rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase, a rhamnogalacturonan lyase, a rhamnogalacturonan acetyl esterase, a rhamnogalacturonan galacturonohydrolase and/or a xylogalacturonase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase and at least one endo-polygalacturonase. Endo-polygalacturonases (EC 3.2.1.15) catalyze the random hydrolysis of 1,4-α-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans. This enzyme may also be referred to as polygalacturonase pectin depolymerase, pectinase, endopolygalacturonase, pectolase, pectin hydrolase, pectin polygalacturonase, poly-α-1,4-galacturonide glycanohydrolase, endogalacturonase; endo-D-galacturonase or poly(1,4-α-D-galacturonide) glycanohydrolase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one pectin methyl esterase. Pectin methyl esterases (EC 3.1.1.11) catalyze the reaction: pectin+n H₂O=n methanol+pectate. The enzyme may also been known as pectinesterase, pectin demethoxylase, pectin methoxylase, pectin methylesterase, pectase, pectinoesterase or pectin pectylhydrolase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one endo-galactanase. Endo-galactanases (EC 3.2.1.89) catalyze the endohydrolysis of 1,4-β-D-galactosidic linkages in arabinogalactans. The enzyme may also be known as arabinogalactan endo-1,4-β-galactosidase, endo-1,4-β-galactanase, galactanase, arabinogalactanase or arabinogalactan 4-β-D-galactanohydrolase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one pectin acetyl esterase. Pectin acetyl esterases catalyze the deacetylation of the acetyl groups at the hydroxyl groups of GaIUA residues of pectin.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one endo-pectin lyase. Endo-pectin lyases (EC 4.2.2.10) catalyze the eliminative cleavage of (1→4)-α-D-galacturonan methyl ester to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-6-O-methyl-α-D-galact-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. The enzyme may also be known as pectin lyase, pectin trans-eliminase; endo-pectin lyase, polymethylgalacturonic transeliminase, pectin methyltranseliminase, pectolyase, PL, PNL or PMGL or (1→4)-6-O-methyl-α-D-galacturonan lyase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xyloseisomerase variant and at least one pectate lyase. Pectate lyases (EC 4.2.2.2) catalyze the eliminative cleavage of (1→4)-α-D-galacturonan to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-α-D-galact-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. The enzyme may also be known polygalacturonic transeliminase, pectic acid transeliminase, polygalacturonate lyase, endopectin methyltranseliminase, pectate transeliminase, endogalacturonate transeliminase, pectic acid lyase, pectic lyase, α-1,4-D-endopolygalacturonic acid lyase, PGA lyase, PPase-N, endo-α-1,4-polygalacturonic acid lyase, polygalacturonic acid lyase, pectin trans-eliminase, polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase or (1→4)-α-D-galacturonan lyase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one alpha-rhamnosidase. Alpha-rhamnosidases (EC 3.2.1.40) catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing α-L-rhamnose residues in α-L-rhamnosides or alternatively in rhamnogalacturonan. This enzyme may also be known as α-L-rhamnosidase T, α-L-rhamnosidase N or α-L-rhamnoside rhamnohydrolase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one exo-galacturonase. Exo-galacturonases (EC 3.2.1.82) hydrolyze pectic acid from the non-reducing end, releasing digalacturonate. The enzyme may also be known as exo-poly-α-galacturonosidase, exopolygalacturonosidase or exopolygalacturanosidase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one exo-galacturonase. Exo-galacturonases (EC 3.2.1.67) catalyze a reaction of the following type: (1,4-α-D-galacturonide)n+H2O=(1,4-α-D-galacturonide)n-i+D-galacturonate. The enzyme may also be known as galacturan 1,4-α-galacturonidase, exopolygalacturonase, poly(galacturonate) hydrolase, exo-D-galacturonase, exo-D-galacturonanase, exopoly-D-galacturonase or poly(1,4-α-D-galacturonide) galacturonohydrolase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one exopolygalacturonate lyase. Exopolygalacturonate lyases (EC 4.2.2.9) catalyze eliminative cleavage of 4-(4-deoxy-α-D-galact-4-enuronosyl)-D-galacturonate from the reducing end of pectate (i.e. de-esterified pectin). This enzyme may be known as pectate disaccharide-lyase, pectate exo-lyase, exopectic acid transeliminase, exopectate lyase, exopolygalacturonic acid-trans-eliminase, PATE, exo-PATE, exo-PGL or (1→4)-α-D-galacturonan reducing-end-disaccharide-lyase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one rhamnogalacturonanase. Rhamnogalacturonanases hydrolyze the linkage between galactosyluronic acid and rhamnopyranosyl in an endo-fashion in strictly alternating rhamnogalacturonan structures, consisting of the disaccharide [(1,2-alpha-L-rhamnoyl-(1,4)-alpha-galactosyluronic acid].

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one rhamnogalacturonan lyase. Rhamnogalacturonan lyases cleave α-L-Rhap-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA linkages in an endo-fashion in rhamnogalacturonan by beta-elimination.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one rhamnogalacturonan acetyl esterase. Rhamnogalacturonan acetyl esterases catalyze the deacetylation of the backbone of alternating rhamnose and galacturonic acid residues in rhamnogalacturonan.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one rhamnogalacturonan galacturonohydrolase. Rhamnogalacturonan galacturonohydrolases hydrolyze galacturonic acid from the non-reducing end of strictly alternating rhamnogalacturonan structures in an exo-fashion. This enzyme may also be known as xylogalacturonan hydrolase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one endo-arabinase. Endo-arabinanases (EC 3.2.1.99) catalyze endohydrolysis of 1,5-α-arabinofuranosidic linkages in 1,5-arabinans. The enzyme may also be known as endo-arabinase, arabinan endo-1,5-α-L-arabinosidase, endo-1,5-α-L-arabinanase, endo-α-1,5-arabanase; endo-arabanase or 1,5-α-L-arabinan 1,5-α-L-arabinanohydrolase.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one enzyme that participates in lignin degradation in an enzyme mixture. Enzymatic lignin depolymerization can be accomplished by lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, laccases and cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDH), often working in synergy. These extracellular enzymes are often referred to as “lignin-modifying enzymes” or “LMEs.” Three of these enzymes comprise two glycosylated heme-containing peroxidases: lignin peroxidase (LIP); Mn-dependent peroxidase (MNP); and, a copper-containing phenoloxidase laccase (LCC).

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one laccase. Laccases are copper containing oxidase enzymes that are found in many plants, fungi and microorganisms. Laccases are enzymatically active on phenols and similar molecules and perform a one electron oxidation. Laccases can be polymeric and the enzymatically active form can be a dimer or trimer.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one Mn-dependent peroxidase. The enzymatic activity of Mn-dependent peroxidase (MnP) in is dependent on Mn2+. Without being bound by theory, it has been suggested that the main role of this enzyme is to oxidize Mn2+ to Mn3+ (See e.g, Glenn et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 251:688-696 [1986]). Subsequently, phenolic substrates are oxidized by the Mn3+ generated.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one lignin peroxidase. Lignin peroxidase is an extracellular heme that catalyses the oxidative depolymerization of dilute solutions of polymeric lignin in vitro. Some of the substrates of LiP, most notably 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol (veratryl alcohol, VA), are active redox compounds that have been shown to act as redox mediators. VA is a secondary metabolite produced at the same time as LiP by ligninolytic cultures of P. chrysosporium and without being bound by theory, has been proposed to function as a physiological redox mediator in the LiP-catalyzed oxidation of lignin in vivo (See e.g., Harvey, et al., FEBS Lett., 195:242-246 [1986]).

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one protease and/or a lipase that participates in cellulose degradation.

As used herein, “protease” includes enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds (peptidases), as well as enzymes that hydrolyze bonds between peptides and other moieties, such as sugars (glycopeptidases). Many proteases are characterized under EC 3.4, and are suitable for use in the present invention. Some specific types of proteases include, cysteine proteases including pepsin, papain and serine proteases including chymotrypsins, carboxypeptidases and metalloendopeptidases.

As used herein, “lipase” includes enzymes that hydrolyze lipids, fatty acids, and acylglycerides, including phosphoglycerides, lipoproteins, diacylglycerols, and the like. In plants, lipids are used as structural components to limit water loss and pathogen infection. These lipids include waxes derived from fatty acids, as well as cutin and suberin.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one expansin or expansin-like protein, such as a swollenin (See e.g., Salheimo et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 269:4202-4211 [2002]) or a swollenin-like protein. Expansins are implicated in loosening of the cell wall structure during plant cell growth. Expansins have been proposed to disrupt hydrogen bonding between cellulose and other cell wall polysaccharides without having hydrolytic activity. In this way, they are thought to allow the sliding of cellulose fibers and enlargement of the cell wall. Swollenin, an expansin-like protein contains an N-terminal Carbohydrate Binding Module Family 1 domain (CBD) and a C-terminal expansin-like domain. In some embodiments, an expansin-like protein or swollenin-like protein comprises one or both of such domains and/or disrupts the structure of cell walls (such as disrupting cellulose structure), optionally without producing detectable amounts of reducing sugars.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one polypeptide product of a cellulose integrating protein, scaffoldin or a scaffoldin-like protein, for example CipA or CipC from Clostridium thermocellum or Clostridium cellulolyticum respectively. Scaffoldins and cellulose integrating proteins are multi-functional integrating subunits which may organize cellulolytic subunits into a multi-enzyme complex. This is accomplished by the interaction of two complementary classes of domain (i.e. a cohesion domain on scaffoldin and a dockerin domain on each enzymatic unit). The scaffoldin subunit also bears a cellulose-binding module that mediates attachment of the cellulosome to its substrate. A scaffoldin or cellulose integrating protein for the purposes of this invention may comprise one or both of such domains.

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one cellulose induced protein or modulating protein, for example as encoded by cip1 or cip2 gene or similar genes from Trichoderma reesei (See e.g., Foreman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 278:31988-31997 [2003]).

In some additional embodiments, the present invention provides at least one chimeric xylose isomerase variant and at least one member of each of the classes of the polypeptides described above, several members of one polypeptide class, or any combination of these polypeptide classes to provide enzyme mixtures suitable for various uses.

Other Components of Xylose Isomerase Compositions

In some embodiments, xylose isomerase polypeptides of the present invention (e.g., xylose isomerase chimeras) are used in combination with other optional ingredients such as at least one buffer, surfactant, and/or scouring agent. In some embodiments, at least one buffer is used with at least one xylose isomerase polypeptide (e.g., xylose isomerase chimera) of the present invention (optionally combined with other enzymes) to maintain a desired pH within the solution in which the xylose isomerase is employed. The exact concentration of buffer employed will depend on several factors which the skilled artisan can determine. Suitable buffers are well known in the art and any suitable buffer finds use in the present invention.

In some embodiments, at least one surfactant is used with at least one xylose isomerase variant of the present invention. Suitable surfactants include any surfactant compatible with the xylose isomerase(s) and, optionally, with any other enzymes being used in the mixture. Exemplary surfactants include, but are not limited to anionic, non-ionic, and ampholytic surfactants. Suitable anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, linear or branched alkylbenzenesulfonates; alkyl or alkenyl ether sulfates having linear or branched alkyl groups or alkenyl groups; alkyl or alkenyl sulfates; olefinsulfonates; alkanesulfonates, and the like. Suitable counter-ions for anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to alkali metal ions, such as sodium and potassium; alkaline earth metal ions, such as calcium and magnesium; ammonium ion; and alkanolamines having from 1 to 3 alkanol groups of carbon number 2 or 3. Ampholytic surfactants suitable for use in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to surfactants such as quaternary ammonium salt sulfonates, betaine-type ampholytic surfactants, and the like. Suitable nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to polyoxalkylene ethers, as well as higher fatty acid alkanolamides or alkylene oxide adduct thereof, fatty acid glycerine monoesters, and the like. Mixtures of surfactants also find use in the present invention, as known in the art. Indeed, any suitable mixture of surfactants finds use in the present invention.

Fermentation

The present invention provides processes for producing fermentation products, wherein the method comprises: (a) providing the recombinant fungal cell of the present invention; (b) providing a fermentation medium comprising xylose; (c) contacting the fermentation medium with the recombinant fungal cell under conditions suitable for generating the fermentation product; and optionally (d) recovering the fermentation product. In some embodiments, the fermentation product is an alcohol (e.g., ethanol, butanol, etc.), a fatty alcohol (e.g., a C8-C20 fatty alcohol), a fatty acid (e.g., a C8-C20 fatty acid), lactic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, acrylic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, an amino acid, 1,3-propanediol, ethylene, glycerol, and/or a β-lactam (e.g., cephalosporin). However, it is contemplated that other fermentation products will be produced using the methods of the present invention.

In some embodiments, the fermentation medium is feedstock from a cellulosic saccharification process and/or feedstock from a hemicellulose pre-treatment process. Such feedstocks include, but are not limited to carbohydrates (e.g., lignocellulose, xylans, cellulose, starch, etc.), other sugars (e.g., glucose, xylose, arabinose, etc.), and other compositions. Compositions of fermentation media suitable for the growth of yeast and filamentous fungi are well known in the art and there are various reference texts that provide recipes for these media. Any suitable medium finds use in the present invention.

Fermentation conditions suitable for generating desired fermentation products are well known in the art and any suitable method finds use in the present invention. In some embodiments, the fermentation process is carried out under aerobic or microaerophilic (i.e., where the concentration of oxygen is less than that in air), or anaerobic conditions. In some embodiments, fermentation is conducted under anaerobic conditions (i.e., no detectable oxygen), or less than about 5, about 2.5, or about 1 mmol/L/h oxygen. In the absence of oxygen, the NADH produced in glycolysis cannot be oxidized by oxidative phosphorylation. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate or a derivative thereof may be utilized by the host cell as an electron and hydrogen acceptor in order to generated NAD+. In some embodiments of the present invention, when the fermentation process is carried out under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is reduced to a fermentation product such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, acrylic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, an amino acid, 1,3-propanediol, ethylene, glycerol, and/or a β-lactam (e.g., a cephalosporin).

In some embodiments, the fermentation process is run at a temperature that is optimal for the recombinant fungal cell. For example, in some embodiments, the fermentation process is performed at a temperature in the range of from about 20° C. to about 42° C. In some embodiments, the process is carried out a temperature that is less than about 38° C., less than about 35° C., less than about 33° C., or less than about 38° C., but at least about 20° C., 22° C., or 25° C. However, in some embodiments, the temperature is much higher (e.g., up to 100° C. or greater). In some embodiments, recombinant host cells of the present invention are grown under batch or continuous fermentation conditions. Classical batch fermentation is a closed system, wherein the composition of the medium is set at the beginning of the fermentation and is not subject to artificial alterations during the fermentation. A variation of the batch system is a fed-batch fermentation, which also finds use in the present invention. In this variation, the substrate is added in increments as the fermentation progresses. Fed-batch systems are useful when catabolite repression is likely to inhibit the metabolism of the cells and/or where it is desirable to have limited amounts of substrate in the medium. Batch and fed-batch fermentations are common and well known in the art. Continuous fermentation is an open system where a defined fermentation generally maintains the culture at a constant high density where cells are primarily in log phase growth. Continuous fermentation systems strive to maintain steady state growth conditions. Methods for modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuous fermentation processes, as well as techniques for modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuous fermentation processes as well as techniques for maximizing the rate of product formation are well known in the art of industrial microbiology. It is intended that any suitable fermentation method will find use in the present invention.

The foregoing and other aspects of the invention may be better understood in connection with the following non-limiting examples.

EXPERIMENTAL

The present invention is described in further detail in the following Examples, which are not in any way intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed.

In the experimental disclosure below, the following abbreviations apply: wrt (with regard to); pm (parts per million); M (molar); mM (millimolar), uM and μM (micromolar); nM (nanomolar); mol (moles); gm and g (gram); mg (milligrams); ug and μg (micrograms); L and l (liter); ml and mL (milliliter); cm (centimeters); mm (millimeters); um and μm (micrometers); sec. (seconds); min(s) (minute(s)); h(s) and hr(s) (hour(s)); U (units); MW (molecular weight); rpm (rotations per minute); ° C. (degrees Centigrade); DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); RNA (ribonucleic acid); CDW (cell dry weight); HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography); HMF (hydroxymethylfurfural); YPD (10 g/L yeast extract, 20 g/L peptone 20 g/L dextrose); YPD agar (10 g/L yeast extract, 20 g/L peptone, 20 g/L dextrose, 15 g/L agar, 200 ug/ml G418); propagation medium (160 g/l glucose, 40 g/l xylose, 4.5 g/l arabinose, 20 g/l yeast extract, 6 g/l acetic acid, 0.6 g/l furfural, 0.9 g/l hydroxymethylfurfural with a vitamin solution added to final concentrations of 0.05 mg/l biotin, 1 mg/l calcium pantothenate, 1 mg/l nicotinic acid, 1 mg/l myoinositol, 1 mg/l thiamine chloride hydrochloride, 1 mg/l pyridoxal hydrochloride potassium iodide and a trace element solution added to final concentrations of 0.403 μM EDTA, 15.6 μM ZnSO₄, 5 μM MnCl₂, 1.3 μM CoCl₂, 1.2 μM CuSO₄, 1.6 μM disodium molybdate, 30.6 μM CaCl₂, 10.8 μM FeSO₄, 16.2 μM boric acid, 0.6 μM potassium iodide, 5 g/l NH₄SO₄, 3 g/l K₂PO₄, 0.5 g/l MgSO₄ and pH adjusted to 5.0 with NaOH); ARS (ARS Culture Collection or NRRL Culture Collection, Peoria, Ill.); Lallemand (Lallemand Ethanol Technology, Milwaukee, Wis.); Dualsystems (Dualsystems Biotech AG, Basel, Switzerland); Megazyme (Megazyme International Ireland, Ltd., Wicklow, Ireland); Dasgip (Dasgip Biotools, LLC, Shrewsbury, Mass.); Difco (Difco Laboratories, BD Diagnostic Systems, Detroit, Mich.); PCRdiagnostics (PCRdiagnostics, E coli SRO, Slovak Republic); Agilent (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif.); and Bio-Rad (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.).

Example 1 Cloning of Xylose Isomerase Genes

Xylose isomerase genes from Ruminococcus flavefaciens (RF_XI; SEQ ID NO:1), Clostridium phytofermentans (CP_XI; SEQ ID NO:3), Abiotrophia defectiva (AD_XI; SEQ ID NO:5), Ruminococcus sp. 18P13 (RFFD_XI; SEQ ID NO:7) and Phytophthora infestans (PI_XI; SEQ ID NO:9) were synthesized with codons optimized for expression in yeast with the following 5′ and 3′ flanks (5-GGATCCCAAACAAA [SEQ ID NO:11]; 3′-TAACATATG [SEQ ID NO:12]) to introduce 5′-BamH1 and 3′-Nde1 restriction sites flanking the gene.

The yeast vector p427TEF (Dualsystems) was used for gene expression. This vector contains a kanamycin resistance gene that allows for selection in yeast, an ampicillin resistance gene that allows for selection in E. coli, and a 2 micron origin of replication that allows for propagation of plasmids in high copy numbers in yeast cells. For cloning the isomerase gene, p427TEF was digested with SacI and XhoI restriction enzymes. The larger fragment (6235 bp) was ligated with an oligomer of the following sequence, 5′GAGCTCACGGATCCGTCATATGCTAGATCTCTGAATTCTTACTAGTTCGACGTCTACCTAGGCAGTCG ACACGCGGCCGCTTCTCGAG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:13) to introduce a new multiple cloning site (MCS) with desired restriction sites. Using the new MCS, the TEF1 promoter of S. cerevisiae was re-introduced in the vector using SacI/BamHI restriction sites resulting in vector PLS1567. Additional promoters (Adh1p, GPDp) and terminators (Adh2t, Adh1t) were cloned into PLS1567 using yeast recombination cloning using methods commonly used in the art. For yeast recombinational cloning, PLS1567 was digested with BamHI/XhoI, and a 3:1 mass ratio of each insert to digested PLS1567 was used. The transformants were selected on culture plates containing G418. The resulting plasmid (PLS1448) with 3 promoters and terminators was confirmed by sequencing.

The codon optimized xylose isomerase genes were cloned in PLS1448 downstream of the TEF1 promoter using BamHI/NdeI restriction sites resulting in the following plasmids: PLS8965 (RF_XI), PLS1569 (CP_XI), PLS10096 (AD_XI), PLS12980 (PI_XI), and PLS12982 (RFFD_XI).

Plasmids PLS8965 (RF_XI), PLS1569 (CP_XI), PLS10096 (AD_XI), PLS12980 (PI_XI), PLS12982 (RFFD_XI) and PLS1448 (vector control) were used to transform S. cerevisiae BY4741 (MATa; his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 met15Δ0 ura3Δ0) using methods known in the art. Transformants were selected on YPD agar plates. Positive transformants were confirmed using PCRdiagnostics.

Example 2 Directed Evolution of Xylose Isomerase Using Family Shuffling

Xylose isomerase genes from Ruminococcus flavefaciens (RF_XI; SEQ ID NO: 1), Clostridium phytofermentans (CP_XI; SEQ ID NO:3), Abiotrophia defectiva (AD_XI; SEQ ID NO:5), Ruminococcus sp. 18P13 (RFFD_XI; SEQ ID NO:7) and Phytophthora infestans (PI_XI; SEQ ID NO:9) were recombined to generate libraries of gene variants using methods as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,638, incorporated herein by reference. The truncated sequences used in the library construction are provided below.

RF.XI-5′: (SEQ ID NO: 14) atggaatttttctccaacatcggaaaaatccaataccaaggtccaaaatccacagatcctttgtcttttaaatattataatcctgaagaagtaatcaacggta agaccatgagggagcatttgaaattcgctctatcctggtggcacactatgggtggcgatggtactgatatgttcggatgtggtactacggacaagacctgggg tcaatccgacccagcggcaagagctaaggccaaagttgatgctgctttcgaaattatggataagctgagcattgattactactgcttccatgatagagacctt tctccagaatatggctccttgaaagcgaccaatgatcaactggacattgttactgattacatcaaggagaagcagggcgataaattcaagtgtttatggggca ctgctaaatgcttttgatcaccccaggttcatgcacggtgcaggaacttctcctagtgccgatgttttcgctttttctgctgcgcaaataaagaaagcattag aatctaccgtcaagttgggcggtaatggttatgtcttttggggtggtagagaaggttacgagaccctgctgaatactaacatgggcttagaactggacaacat ggctaggctaatgaagatggccgtagaatacggtaggtctattggattcaaaggtgacttctacatcgagcctaaacccaaggaacctactaagcaccagtac gacttcgacactgctaccgtattaggttttttaaggaagtacgggttggataaagacttcaagatgaacatcgaagccaatcacgccacactagcacaacaca cattccagcatgagttacgtgtggctagggataacggtgtattcggttctattgatgctaaccaaggtgacgtattgttaggatgggacacggatcaattccc cacaaacatttatgatactactatgtgtatgtatgaggtcattaaagccggtggtttcacaaatggcggcctgaactttgatgcgaaagctcgtaggggttca ttcacgcctgaagatattttctatagttacattgctggtatggatgctttcgc RF.XI-3′: (SEQ ID NO: 15) ttacgagaccctgctgaatactaacatgggcttagaactggacaacatggctaggctaatgaagatggccgtagaatacggtaggtctattggattcaaaggt gacttctacatcgagcctaaacccaaggaacctactaagcaccagtacgacttcgacactgctaccgtattaggttttttaaggaagtacgggttggataaag acttcaagatgaacatcgaagccaatcacgccacactagcacaacacacattccagcatgagttacgtgtggctagggataacggtgtattcggttctattga tgctaaccaaggtgacgtattgttaggatgggacacggatcaattccccacaaacatttatgatactactatgtgtatgtatgaggtcattaaagccggtggt ttcacaaatggcggcctgaactttgatgcgaaagctcgtaggggttcattcacgcctgaagatattttctatagttacattgctggtatggatgctttcgcgt tagggtttagagcagctcttaaattgattgaagacggtagaattgacaagtttgtggctgacaggtatgcctcttggaataccggtattggtgcagatattat tgccggaaaagccgattttgcatcattggaaaaatatgctttggaaaaaggtgaagttaccgcgtcattgtcttctggtagacaagagatgctggaatctatt gtcaacaacgtattgtttagtttgtaa CP.XI-5′: (SEQ ID NO: 16) atgaagaactatttccccaacgtcccagaagtcaaatacgaaggtccaaactccacaaatcctttcgcttttaaatattatgatgctaataaagtagtcgccg gtaagaccatgaaggagcattgtagattcgctctatcctggtggcacactttgtgtgccggtggtgctgatccattcggagtaactactatggacaggaccta cggtaacattaccgacccaatggaactagctaaggccaaagttgatgctggtttcgaactgatgactaagctgggcatcgagttcttctgcttccatgatgcc gacattgctccagaaggtgacaccttcgaagagtccaagaagaatctgttcgagattgttgattacatcaaggagaagatggaccaaaccggcatcaagttgt tatggggcactgctaacaactttagtcaccccaggttcatgcacggtgcatcaacttcttgtaatgccgatgttttcgcttatgctgctgcgaaaataaagaa cgctttagatgcgaccatcaagttgggcggtaagggttatgtcttttggggtggtagagaaggttacgagaccctgctgaatactgacctgggcttagaactg gacaacatggctaggctaatgaagatggccgtagaatacggtagggctaatggattcgacggtgacttctacatcgagcctaaacccaaggaacctactaagc accagtacga CP.XI-3′: (SEQ ID NO: 17) Ttatgtcttttggggtggtagagaaggttacgagaccctgctgaatactgacctgggcttagaactggacaacatggctaggctaatgaagatggccgtagaa tacggtagggctaatggattcgacggtgacttctacatcgagcctaaacccaaggaacctactaagcaccagtacgacttcgacactgctaccgtattagctt ttttaaggaagtacgggttggaaaaagacttcaagatgaacatcgaagccaatcacgccacactagcaggccacacattcgagcatgagttagctatggctag ggtaaacggtgcattcggttctgttgatgctaaccaaggtgacccaaacttaggatgggacacggatcaattccccacagacgttcattctgctactcttgct atgctggaggtcttgaaagccggtggtttcacaaatggcggcctgaactttgatgcgaaagttcgtaggggttcattcgagtttgacgatattgcctatggtt acattgctggtatggatactttcgcgttagggttaattaaagctgctgaaatcattgatgacggtagaattgccaagtttgtggatgacaggtatgcctctta caagaccggtattggtaaagcgatcgttgacggaactacctctttggaagaattggaacaatacgtgttgactcattctgaacctgtcatgcaatctggtaga caagaggttctggaaactattgtcaacaacatattgtttagataa AD.XI-5′: (SEQ ID NO: 18) Atgagtgaattgttccaaaacatcccaaaaatcaaatacgaaggtgcaaattccaaaaatcctttggcttttcattattatgatgctgaaaaaatagtcctcg gtaagaccatgaaggagcatttgccattcgctatggcatggtggcacaatttgtgtgccgctggtactgatatgttcggacgtgatactgcggacaagtcctt tggtttggaaaaaggctcaatggaacatgctaaggccaaagttgatgctggtttcgaatttatggaaaagctgggcattaaatacttctgcttccatgatgta gaccttgttccagaagcttgcgacattaaagagaccaattctcgactggacgaaatttctgattacatcttggagaagatgaagggcactgatattaagtgtt tatggggcactgctaatatgttttctaaccccaggttcgtgaacggtgcaggatctactaatagtgccgatgtttactgttttgctgctgcgcaaataaagaa agcattagatattaccgtcaagttgggcggtagaggttatgtcttttggggtggtagagaaggttacgagaccagctgaatactgacgtgaaatttgaacagg aaaacattgctaatctaatgaagatggccgtagaatacggtaggtctattggattcaaaggtgacttctacatcgagcctaaacccaaggaacctatgaagca ccagtacgacttcgacgctgctaccgcaataggttttttaaggcagtacgggttggataaagacttcaaattgaacatcgaagccaatcacgccacactagca ggacactcattccagcatgagttacgtatttctagtattaacggtatgttgggttctgttgatgctaaccaaggtgacatgttgttaggatgggacacggatg aatttccctttgacgtttatgatactactatgtgtatgtatgaggtccttaaaaacggtggtttgacaggcggctttaactttgatgcgaaaaatcgtaggcc ttcatacacgtatgaagatatgttctatggtttcattcttggtatggattctttcgc AD.XI-3′: (SEQ ID NO: 19) ttatgtcttttggggtggtagagaaggttacgagaccctgctgaatactgacgtgaaatttgaacaggaaaacattgctaatctaatgaagatggccgtagaa tacggtaggtctattggattcaaaggtgacttctacatcgagcctaaacccaaggaacctatgaagcaccagtacgacttcgacgctgctaccgcaataggtt ttttaaggcagtacgggttggataaagacttcaaattgaacatcgaagccaatcacgccacactagcaggacactcattccagcatgagttacgtatttctag tattaacggtatgttgggttctgttgatgctaaccaaggtgacatgttgttaggatgggacacggatgaatttccctttgacgtttatgatactactatgtgt atgtatgaggtccttaaaaacggtggtttgacaggcggctttaactttgatgcgaaaaatcgtaggccttcatacacgtatgaagatatgttctatggtttca ttcttggtatggattctttcgcgttagggttgataaaagctgctaaattgattgaagaaggtacacttgacaattttattaaggaaaggtataaatcttttga atccgaaattggtaaaaaaattagatccaaatcagcctctttgcaagaattggcagcttatgctgaggaaatgggtgctcccgcgatgccgggttcaggtagg caagagtatctgcaagctgctctcaaccaaaatttgtttggtgaagtgtaataa RFFD.XI2-5′: (SEQ ID NO: 20) Atggaatttttcaagaacatctctaagataccatacgaaggcaaagactctaccaatccattagcattcaagtactacaatcctgacgaagtaatcgacggta agaagatgagagacatcatgaagtttgctttgtcttggtggcatactatgggaggtgatggtactgatatgtttggctgtggtactgctgataagacatgggg cgagaatgatccagctgctagagctaaagctaaagttgatgccgcatttgaaatcatgcagaagttatccattgattacttctgcttccatgatagagatttg tctccagagtacggttctttgaaggacacaaacgctcaattggacattgtcactgactacatcaaggctaaacaagctgaaaccggtttgaaatgtctttggg gtactgctaagtgcttcgaccatccaagattcatgcacggtgctggtacttctccttcagcggatgtcttcgcattctcagctgctcaaatcaagaaagactg gaatctaccgtcaagttgggtggaactggttatgtcttctggggtggtagagaaggatatgaaacgttgttgaatactaacatgggacttgaattggacaaca tggctaggttgatgaagatggccgttgagtatggtaggtctattggtttcaaaggtgacttctacattgaacctaagccaaaggaaccaactaagcatcaata cgactttgacactgctacagtcttgggctttctgagaaagtacggcctggacaaagacttcaagatgaacatagaagccaatcatgcaactttagcgcaacat accttccagcacgaattgtgtgtcgccagaactaatggtgctttcggttctattgatgctaatcaaggtgatcccttgttgggttgggatacagatcagtttc ctacaaacatctatgatactactatgtgcatgtacgaagttatcaaagctggtggtttcactaatggtggtcttaactttgatgctaaagctagaagaggttc tttcactccagaagatattttctattcttacattgctggtatggatgctttcgc RFFD.XI2-3′: (SEQ ID NO: 21) Tgtcttctggggtggtagagaaggatatgaaacgttgttgaatactaacatgggacttgaattggacaacatggctaggttgatgaagatggccgttgagtat ggtaggtctattggtttcaaaggtgacttctacattgaacctaagccaaaggaaccaactaagcatcaatacgactttgacactgctacagtcttgggctttc tgagaaagtacggcctggacaaagacttcaagatgaacatagaagccaatcatgcaactttagcgcaacataccttccagcacgaattgtgtgtcgccagaac taatggtgctttcggttctattgatgctaatcaaggtgatcccttgttgggttgggatacagatcagtttcctacaaacatctatgatactactatgtgcatg tacgaagttatcaaagctggtggtttcactaatggtggtcttaactttgatgctaaagctagaagaggttctttcactccagaagatattttctattcttaca ttgctggtatggatgctttcgctttaggttacaaagctgcttctaagctaatcgctgatggtaggattgatagcttcattagcgatagatatgcttcttggtc tgaaggtattggtttggacatcatttccggcaaagctgatatggcggctttagagaagtatgctttggagaaaggagaggtcactgattctatctcttctgga agacaggaactgttagagtccattgttaacaacgtaatcttcaaccta

The parent sequences used for each constructed library are summarized in Table 2-1. In some cases, truncated variants of each parent gene were used to promote crossover events in defined gene regions.

TABLE 2-1 Parent Nucleotide Sequences for Each Library Constructed Library Parent Genes 1.06a AD_XI (SEQ ID NO: 5), RF_XI (SEQ ID NO: 1) 1.06b AD_XI (SEQ ID NO: 5), RF_XI (SEQ ID NO: 1) 1.07 RF_XI (SEQ ID NO: 1), CP_XI (SEQ ID NO: 3) 1.09 RF_XI (SEQ ID NO: 1), CP_XI (SEQ ID NO: 3), AD_XI (SEQ ID NO: 5), RFFD_XI (SEQ ID NO: 7) 1.10a AD_XI_5′(SEQ ID NO: 5), CP_XI_5′ (SEQ ID NO: 16), RF_XI_3′(SEQ ID NO: 15), RFFD_XI_3′ (SEQ ID NO: 21) 1.10b AD_XI_5′(SEQ ID NO: 18), CP_XI_5′ (SEQ ID NO: 16), RF_XI_3′(SEQ ID NO: 15), RFFD_XI_3′(SEQ ID NO: 21) 1.11a RF_XI_5′(SEQ ID NO: 14), RFFD_XI_5′ (SEQ ID NO: 20), AD_XI_3′(SEQ ID NO: 19), CP_XI_3′(SEQ ID NO: 17) 1.11b RF_XI_5′(SEQ ID NO: 14), RFFD_XI_5′(SEQ ID NO: 20), AD_XI_3′ (SEQ ID NO: 19), CP_XI_3′(SEQ ID NO: 17)

Example 3 Screening of Xylose Isomerase Variants for Activity Improvements

Libraries of xylose isomerase variants were transformed into S. cerevisiae BY4741 and selected on YPD agar plates. Single colonies were used to inoculate 400 ul of YPD supplemented with 200 ug/ml G418. Cells were grown at 30° C. for 24 h at 250 rpm. This culture was used to inoculate YP (10 g/L yeast extract, 20 g/L peptone) media containing 0.5% glucose and 4% xylose. Cultures were incubated at 30° C. and 250 rpm. Growth was monitored by measuring the optical density at 600 nm. After 120 h, the residual xylose was measured using a spectrophotometric assay (Megazyme xylose assay; Cat no. K-XYLOSE) performed according to the manufacturer's protocol. Variants with activity equivalent to or improved relative to parent genes used for library synthesis were isolated and sequenced. These variants were also retested at n≧3 using the same assay procedure outlined above to confirm activity improvements. Improved variants are listed in Table 3-1. In this Table, fold improvement (“Fold Improve.”) results are provided as values ≧1 (i.e., 1-1.4), ≧1.5 (i.e., 1.5-1.9), ≧2 (i.e., 2-2.4), ≧2.5 (i.e., 2.5-2.9), ≧3 (i.e., 3-3.4), ≧3.5 ((i.e., 3.5-3.9), ≧5.0 (i.e., 5.0-5.4) or ≧6.5 (i.e., 6.5-7.0). In Table 3-1, the fold improvement is relative to RF_XI (i.e., SEQ ID NO:2). Variant 1 is RF_XI. In the following Table, the hyphens indicate deletions in the sequence and the asterisks indicate mutations in stop codons. In the following Table, “FI” refers to the “fold improvement” observed for the variants relative to RF_XI (SEQ ID NO:2).

TABLE 3-1 Improved Xylose Isomerase Variants Var. Silent Insertions wrt No. FI Active Mutations Mutations RF.XI.4  1  2 ≧6.5 F3L/S5Q/G8P/Q11K/Q13E/G14S/P15A/K16N/T18K/D19N/ c924t 1S2/69L70/127M128 S22A/K24H/N27D/P28A/E30K/V31I/I32V/N33L/R38K/ K42P/L45M/S46A/T50N/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54A/ C61R/G62D/T64A/T67S/W68L/Q70E/S71K/D72G/P73S/ A74M/A75E/R76H/A84G/I87F/D89E/S92G/D94K/Y96F/ R101V/S104V/Y107A/G108C/S109D/L110I/A112E/ D115S/Q116R/I119E/V120I/T121S/K125L/Q128K/D130T/ K131D/F132I/K140N/C141M/D143S/H144N/M148V/ H149N/T153S/S154T/P155N/F160Y/A161C/S163A/E172D/ S173I/N180R/M199V/T236A/Q273G/T275S/V282I/ A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/F289L/I292V/V299M/ Q307E/T310F/N311D/I312V/I323L/A325N/F328L/N330-/ L333F/A339N/G342P/F344Y/P346Y/I349M/S352G/Y353F/ A355L/A359S  3 ≧5 S5K/G8S//Q11P/Q13E/P15K/K16D/D19N/S22A/E29D/ a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/ 131G132 N33D/T36K/E39D/H40I/L41M/T64A/Q70E/S71N/D89Q/ a54c/t60a/g63a/ Y96F/A112D/D115A/I119V/E126A/G129A/D130E/K131T/ t69c/a72g/t75c/ F132L/N180T/S219A/I220N/A266P/A269T/Q273G/ t78c/g114a/a126g/ T275S/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/ c129t/c133t/a135g/ D306G/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/ c138t/c147t/ Y320L/I323L/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/ t156a/c159t/c177t/ A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/ a180c/c195t/c201a/ D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/ t207c/c216t/ A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/ g222t/a225t/g234a/ A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/ c237t/t249c/t252a/ S418-/ c255t/t261c/ L419M/S420Q/R423G/M426V/S429T/S437R/L438- c271t/g273a/a274t/ g275c/c306t/c307t/ t309g/a318g/ t321c/c324t/c327t/ a333g/c339a/ t342c/c349t/t360c/ t366c/g381a/g384a/ g399a/t403c/ a405t/c411t/a420g/ t426c/t429c/c432t/ c435a/g438a/ a453t/a456t/a466t/ g467c/t468a/c471g/ t477c/t483a/ t486c/t489a/g495t/ a501c/a510t/t511c/ a513g/c534t/t537a/ t705a/c714t/ g717a/c726t/c738a/ a741c/a744g/t747c/ t751c/a753g/ g756a/g765c/t766c/ t771c/t1185c/ t1224c  4 ≧3.5 S5K/G8S/Q11P/Q13E/P15K/K16D/D19N/S22A/E29D/N33D/ a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/ 131G132 T36K/E39D/H40I/L41M/T64A/Q70E/S71N/D89Q/ a54c/t60a/g63a/ Y96F/A112D/D115A/E126A/G129A/D130E/K131T/F132L/ t69c/a72g/t75c/ N180T/R281C/D285T/V288A/V299P/F364Y/R365K/ t78c/g114a/a126g/ L368S/E372A/K378S/V380I/A381S/N388S/T389E/A393L/ c129t/c133t/a135g/ A397S/F402M/S404A/A417D/L419I/M426L/L435I/ c138t/c147t/ S437N t156a/c159t/c177t/ a180c/c195t/c201a/ t207c/c216t/ g222t/a225t/g234a/ c237t/t249c/t252a/ c255t/t261c/ c271t/g273a/a274t/ g275c/c306t/c307t/ t309g/a318g/ t321c/c324t/c327t/ a333g/c339a/ t342c/c349t/t360c/ t366c/g381a/g384a/ g399a/t403c/ a405t/c411t/a420g/ t426c/t429c/c432t/ c435a/g438a/ a453t/a456t/a466t/ g467c/t468a/c471g/ t477c/t483a/ t486c/t489a/g495t/ a501c/a510t/t511c/ a513g/c534t/t537a/ t552c/t570a/ c573t/g576a/c579g/ c580t/c583t/c600a/ t601c/a603t/ c607t/c625t/a627g/ a642t/a645g/c648t/ a663t/c684t/ g687a/a693g/c696a/ t705a/c714t/ g717a/c726t/c738a/ a741c/a744g/t747c/ t751c/a753g/ g756a/g765c/t766c/ t771c/c792a/ c804t/c807a/a810t/ c811t/a816g/c822t/ a825c/t834c/ g837a/a840g/g846c/ t849c/g852a/ c858t/c885t/c894t/ a903g/a906t/c912t/ g915a/a921g/ c924t/c927t/t936c/ t954c/t960c/g963a/ c966t/t969c/ c975t/a987t/c993t/ c996t/g999t/g1011t/ c1018a/t1020a/ g1023a/a1029t/ g1035t/t1038a/ a1054t/g1055c/g1083t/ g1089t/a1098t/ a1107g/t1108c/ g1110a/t1113c/ c1119t/a1125g/ c1131t/t1137c/ c1146t/g1149a/c1155t/ t1182c/t1185c/ a1194c/c1200t/ a1209g/g1215a/ a1218g/a1221g/ a1233g/t1239a/a1242g/ t1245c/c1248t/ a1254t/t1266a/ a1272g/g1275a/ c1279t/g1281a/ a1284g/t1287c/c1293t/ t1308c/t1312c/ g1314a  5 ≧3.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/t483c/a510t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c/t1266c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/ D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/ A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/ K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/ A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438-  6 ≧3.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/ I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438-  7 ≧3.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/a753g/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1053c/t1185c/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ t1224c C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/ I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/S437R/L438*  8 ≧3.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132/ L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c 438*439 R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/ I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/L419M/S420Q  9 ≧3.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/g783a/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1020c/t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76H/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/T236M/T244A/V247A/L248I/K253Q/M262L/ Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/ V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/ M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/ F350A/S352G/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369G/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/ I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 10 ≧3.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/ I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438-/ 11 ≧3.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/t483a/a510t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t771c/g783a/t1173c/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ t1185c/t1224c C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/T236M/V247A/L248I/K253Q/ M262L/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/ I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/ T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/ E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/ L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/W387Y/N388K/A393K/ D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/ A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/ V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 12 ≧3.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/g783a/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1020c/t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76H/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/T236M/T244A/V247A/L248I/K253Q/M262L/ Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/ V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/ M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/ F350A/S352G/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369G/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/ I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 13 ≧3.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/g783a/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1128c/t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/N198D/M199L/ S219A/I220N/K223D/T236M/M262L/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/ V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/ I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/ F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/ A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/ K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/ A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/ S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 14 ≧3.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76H/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/F162Y/S163A/Q166K/K169N/ E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/G249A/K253R/D257E/ Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/ D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 15 ≧3.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t207c/t279c/a510t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/K211R/G249A/D257E/M262V/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/ N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/ Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/ A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/ E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/ A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/ K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/ A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 16 ≧3.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Y12F/Q13E/K16N/ t279c/a510t/t1122g/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 D19N/L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/ t1185c/t1224c N33A/R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/ M58P/C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/ A74M/A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/ Y96F/R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/ K111E/A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/ I119E/V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/ C134L/K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/ F162Y/S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/N311D/ I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/ F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/ A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/ K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/ A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/ S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 17 ≧2.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t570c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/N198D/M199L/ Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/ A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/ E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/ I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/ K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/ A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 18 ≧2.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/t483a/a510t 2N3/70I71/131G132/ L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ 438*439 R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T 19 ≧2.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t705c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/ I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/L419M/S420Q/M426V 20 ≧2.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t120c/t279c/a510t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/S219A/I220N/ K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/ D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/ Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/ R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/ A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/ A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/ E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 21 ≧2.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t570a/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ c573t/g576a/c579g/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ c580t/c583t/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ c600a/t601c/a603t/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ c607t/c625t/a627g/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ a642t/a645g/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ c648t/a663t/t771c/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ g783a/t1170c/t1185c/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ t1224c S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172G/S173A/V175I/N180R/ T244A/V247A/L248I/K253Q/M262L/Q273G/T275S/V282I/ A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/F289L/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/ Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/ D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/ A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/ A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/ S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 22 ≧2.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t171c/t279c/a510t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/I228V/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/ D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/ A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/ K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/ A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/S437R/L438* 23 ≧2.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/N198D/M199L/ T236M/D257E/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/ V288A/I292V/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/ F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/ L370T/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/ D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/ A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 24 ≧2.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/t483a/a510t 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T 25 ≧2.5 S5K/G8S/Q11P/Q13E/P15K/K16D/D19N/S22A/E29D/N33D/ a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/ 131G132/436G437 T36K/E39D/H40I/L41M/T64A/Q70E/S71N/D89Q/ a54c/t60a/g63a/ Y96F/A112D/D115A/E126A/G129A/D130E/K131T/F132L/ t69c/a72g/t75c/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223E/K253Q/Q273G/ t78c/g114a/a126g/ T275S/V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/F289L/I292V/ c129t/c133t/a135g/ V299M/Q307E/T310F/N311D/I312V/I323L/A325N/F328L/ c138t/c147t/ N330-/ t156a/c159t/c177t/ L333F/A339N/G342P/F344Y/P346Y/I349M/S352G/Y353F/ a180c/c195t/c201a/ A355L/A359S/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/D373E/ t207c/c216t/ R375T/I376L/K378N/V380I/A381K/D382E/A385K/W387F/ g222t/a225t/g234a/ N388E/T389S/G390E/A393K/D394K/I396R/A397S/ c237t/t249c/t252a/ G398K/K399S/D401S/F402L/A403Q/S404E/E406A/K407A/ c255t/t261c/ L410E/K412M/E414-/ c271t/g273a/a274t/ V415A/T416P/S418M/L419P/S420G/M426Y/E428Q/S429A/ g275c/c306t/c307t/ I430A/V431L/N433Q/V434N/S437E/L438V t309g/a318g/ t321c/c324t/c327t/ a333g/c339a/ t342c/c349t/t360c/ t366c/g381a/g384a/ g399a/t403c/ a405t/c411t/a420g/ t426c/t429c/c432t/ c435a/g438a/ a453t/a456t/a466t/ g467c/t468a/c471g/ t477c/t483a/ t486c/t489a/g495t/ a501c/a510t/t511c/ a513g/t552c/t601c/ c924t/t1263a/ a1269g 26 ≧2.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/K78R/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/ Y96F/R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/ K111E/A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/ C134L/K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/ F162Y/S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/ Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/ V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/ F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/ D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/ A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438* 27 ≧2.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/a1086g 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/G249A/D257E/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/ D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/ Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/ R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/ A381D 28 ≧2.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/t483a/a510t 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T 29 ≧2.5 S5K/G8S/Q11P/Q13E/P15K/K16D/D19N/S22A/E29D/N33D/ a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/ 131G132 T36K/E39D/H40I/L41M/T64A/Q70E/S71N/D89Q/ a54c/t60a/g63a/ Y96F/A112D/D115A/E126A/G129A/D130E/K131T/F132L/ t69c/a72g/t75c/ N180T/R281C/D285T/V288A/V299P/F364Y/R365K/ t78c/g114a/a126g/ L368S/E372A/K378S/V380I/A381S/N388S/T389E/A393L/ c129t/c133t/a135g/ A397S/F402M/S404A/A417D/L419I/M426L/L435I/ c138t/c147t/ S437N t156a/c159t/c177t/ a180c/c195t/c201a/ t207c/c216t/ g222t/a225t/g234a/ c237t/t249c/t252a/ c255t/t261c/ c271t/g273a/a274t/ g275c/c306t/c307t/ t309g/a318g/ t321c/c324t/c327t/ a333g/c339a/ t342c/c349t/t360c/ t366c/g381a/g384a/ g399a/t403c/ a405t/c411t/a420g/ t426c/t429c/c432t/ c435a/g438a/ a453t/a456t/a466t/ g467c/t468a/c471g/ t477c/t483a/ t486c/t489a/g495t/ a501c/a510t/t511c/ a513g/c534t/t537a/ t552c/t570a/ c573t/g576a/c579g/ c580t/c583t/c600a/ t601c/a603t/ c607t/c625t/a627g/ a642t/a645g/c648t/ a663t/c684t/ g687a/a693g/c696a/ t705a/a741c/ a744g/t747c/t751c/ a753g/g756a/g765c/ t766c/t771c/ c792a/c804t/c807a/ a810t/c811t/a816g/ c822t/a825c/ t834c/g837a/a840g/ g846c/t849c/ g852a/c858t/c885t/ c894t/a903g/a906t/ c912t/g915a/ a921g/c924t/c927t/ t936c/t954c/t960c/ g963a/c966t/ t969c/c975t/a987t/ c993t/c996t/g999t/ g1011t/c1018a/ t1020a/g1023a/ a1029t/g1035t/ t1038a/a1054t/g1055c/ g1083t/g1089t/ a1098t/a1107g/ t1108c/g1110a/ t1113c/c1119t/a1125g/ c1131t/t1137c/ c1146t/g1149a/ c1155t/t1182c/ t1185c/a1194c/c1200t/ a1209g/g1215a/ a1218g/a1221g/ a1233g/t1239a/ a1242g/t1245c/ c1248t/a1254t/t1266a/ a1272g/g1275a/ c1279t/g1281a/ a1284g/t1287c/ c1293t/t1308c/ t1312c/g1314a 30 ≧2.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t705c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/R38K/ t1185c/t1224c L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/C61V/ G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/A75E/ R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/R101A/ L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/A112E/ T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/V120I/ T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/K140N/ C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/S163A/ Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/L194P/ Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/ D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 31 ≧2.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/t483a/a510t 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T 32 ≧2.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ F184L/N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/ I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420R/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 33 ≧2.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/c684t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ c792a/t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/T244A/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/ D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/ D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/T345E/ P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/ K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/ A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/ F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/ V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 34 ≧2.0 F3L/S5Q/G8P/Q11K/Q13E/P15A/K16N/T18K/D19N/S22A/ g783a/c924t/t1263a/ 1S2/69L70/127M128/ K24H/N27D/P28A/E30K/V31I/I32V/N33L/R38K/K42P/ a1269g 436G437 L45M/S46A/T50N/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54A/C61R/ G62D/T64A/T67S/W68F/Q70E/S71K/D72G/P73S/A74M/ A75E/R76H/A84G/I87F/D89E/S92G/D94K/Y96F/R101V/ S104V/Y107A/G108C/S109D/L110I/A112E/D115S/ Q116R/I119E/V120I/T121S/K125L/Q128K/D130T/K131D/ F132I/K140N/C141M/D143S/H144N/M148V/H149N/ T153S/S154T/P155N/F160Y/A161C/S163A/E172D/S173I/ N180R/N198D/M199V/G200K/L201F/L203Q/D204E/ M206I/R208N/A213V/T236M/T244A/V247A/L248I/ K253Q/M262L/Q273G/T275S/V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/ V288M/F289L/I292V/V299M/Q307E/T310F/N311D/ I312V/I323L/A325N/F328L/N330-/ L333F/A339N/G342P/F344Y/P346Y/I349M/S352G/Y353F/ A355L/A359S/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/D373E/ R375T/I376L/K378N/V380I/A381K/D382E/A385K/W387F/ N388E/T389S/G390E/A393K/D394K/I396R/A397S/ G398K/K399S/D401S/F402L/A403Q/S404E/E406A/K407A/ L410E/K412M/E414-/ V415A/T416P/S418M/L419P/S420G/M426Y/E428Q/S429A/ I430A/V431L/N433Q/V434N/S437E/L438V 35 ≧2.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/D285V/V288A/I292V/ V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/ M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/ F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/ K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/ A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/ A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/ V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438* 36 ≧2.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/D257E/Q273G/Q277E/ R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/ N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/ Y320L/I323L/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/ F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/ A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/ K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/ A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/ S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 37 ≧2.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/t483a/a510t 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T 38 ≧2.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t207c/t279c/a510t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1152c/t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ S219A/I220N/K223D/D257E/Q273G/I292V/V299P/L300N/ N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/ Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/ A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/ D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/ A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/ K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/ A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 39 ≧2.0 F3L/S5Q/G8P/Q11K/Q13E/P15A/K16N/T18K/D19N/S22A/ g783a/c924t/t1263a/ 1S2/69L70/127M128/ K24H/N27D/P28A/E30K/V31I/I32V/N33L/R38K/K42P/ a1269g 436G437 L45M/S46A/T50N/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54A/C61R/ G62D/T64A/T67S/W68F/Q70E/S71K/D72G/P73S/A74M/ A75E/R76H/A84G/I87F/D89E/S92G/D94K/Y96F/R101V/ S104V/Y107A/G108C/S109D/L110I/A112E/D115S/ Q116R/I119E/V120I/T121S/K125L/Q128K/D130T/K131D/ F132I/K140N/C141M/D143S/H144N/M148V/H149N/ T153S/S154T/P155N/F160Y/A161C/S163A/E172D/S173I/ N180R/N198D/M199V/G200K/L201F/L203Q/D204E/ M206I/R208N/T236M/T244A/V247A/L248I/K253Q/ M262L/Q273G/T275S/V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/ F289L/I292V/V299M/Q307E/T310F/N311D/I312V/ I323L/A325N/F328L/N330-/ L333F/A339N/G342P/F344Y/P346Y/I349M/S352G/Y353F/ A355L/A359S/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/D373E/ R375T/I376L/K378N/V380I/A381K/D382E/A385K/W387F/ N388E/T389S/G390E/A393K/D394K/I396R/A397S/ G398K/K399S/D401S/F402L/A403Q/S404E/E406A/K407A/ L410E/K412M/E414-/ V415A/T416P/S418M/L419P/S420G/M426Y/E428Q/S429A/ I430A/V431L/N433Q/V434N/S437E/L438V/ 40 ≧2.0 F3L/S5Q/G8P/Q11K/Q13E/P15A/K16N/T18K/D19N/S22A/ g783a/c924t/t1263a/ 1S2/69L70/127M128/ K24H/N27D/P28A/E30K/V31I/I32V/N33L/R38K/K42P/ a1269g 436G437 L45M/S46A/T50N/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54A/C61R/ G62D/T64A/T67S/W68F/Q70E/S71K/D72G/P73S/A74M/ A75E/R76H/A84G/I87F/D89E/S92G/D94K/Y96F/R101V/ S104V/Y107A/G108C/S109D/L110I/A112E/D115S/ Q116R/I119E/V120I/T121S/K125L/Q128K/D130T/K131D/ F132I/K140N/C141M/D143S/H144N/M148V/H149N/ T153S/S154T/P155N/F160Y/A161C/S163A/E172D/S173I/ N180R/N198D/M199V/G200K/L201F/L203Q/D204E/ M206I/R208N/T236M/T244A/V247A/L248I/K253Q/ M262L/Q273G/T275S/V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/ F289L/I292V/V299M/Q307E/T310F/N311D/I312V/ I323L/A325N/F328L/N330-/ L333F/A339N/G342P/F344Y/P346Y/I349M/S352G/Y353F/ A355L/A359S/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/D373E/ R375T/I376L/K378N/V380I/A381K/D382E/A385K/W387F/ N388E/T389S/G390E/A393K/D394K/I396R/A397S/ G398K/K399S/D401S/F402L/A403Q/S404E/E406A/K407A/ L410E/K412M/E414-/ V415A/T416P/S418M/L419P/S420G/M426Y/E428Q/S429A/ I430A/V431L/N433Q/V434N/S437E/L438V 41 ≧2.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ M212I/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/Q277E/ V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/F289L/I292V/ V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/ E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/ I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/ A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 42 ≧2.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/c625t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 (RN. L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ a627g/a642t/a645g/ XI) R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ c648t/g783a/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ g1011t/c1018a/t1020a/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ g1023a/a1054t/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ g1055c/a1233g/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ t1239a/a1242g V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/F162Y/S163A/Q166K/K169N/ E172D/S173A/V175I/N180R/T236M/K253Q/M262L/ Q273G/T275S/V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/F289L/ I292V 43 ≧2.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/N311D/I312V/ Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/F364L/R365I/A366K/ L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/ N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/ D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/ G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 44 ≧2.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/T18A/ t279c/a510t/a642t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 D19N/L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/ a645g/c648t/a663t/ N33A/R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/ t1185c/t1224c M58P/C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/ A74M/A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/F335L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/ F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/ K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/ A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/ A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/ V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 45 ≧2.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71A/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/M206T/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/ Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/I292V/V299P/L300N/ N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/ Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/ A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/ D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/ A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/ K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/ A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 46 ≧2.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/a906g/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/R101A/ L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/A112E/ T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/V120I/ T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/K140N/ C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/S163A/ Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180R/N198D/M199L/ G249A/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/ I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/ T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/ E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/ L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/ A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/ F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/ G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 47 ≧2.0 F3L/S5Q/G8P/Q11K/Q13E/P15A/K16N/T18K/D19N/S22A/ g783a/c924t/t1263a/ 1S2/69L70/127M128/ K24H/N27D/P28A/E30K/V31I/I32V/N33L/R38K/K42P/ a1269g 436G437 L45M/S46A/T50N/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54A/C61R/ G62D/T64A/T67S/W68F/Q70E/S71K/D72G/P73S/A74M/ A75E/R76H/A84G/I87F/D89E/S92G/D94K/Y96F/R101V/ S104V/Y107A/G108C/S109D/L110I/A112E/T113I/ D115S/Q116R/I119E/V120I/T121S/K125L/Q128K/D130T/ K131D/F132I/K140N/C141M/D143S/H144N/M148V/ H149N/T153S/S154T/P155N/F160Y/A161C/S163A/E172D/ S173I/N180R/N198D/M199V/G200K/L201F/L203Q/ D204E/M206I/R208N/T236M/T244A/V247A/L248I/ K253Q/M262L/Q273G/T275S/V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/ V288M/F289L/I292V/V299M/Q307E/T310F/N311D/ I312V/I323L/A325N/F328L/N330-/ L333F/A339N/G342P/F344Y/P346Y/I349M/S352G/Y353F/ A355L/A359S/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/D373E/ R375T/I376L/K378N/V380I/A381K/D382E/A385K/W387F/ N388E/T389S/G390E/A393K/D394K/I396R/A397S/ G398K/K399S/D401S/F402L/A403Q/S404E/E406A/K407A/ L410E/K412M/E414-/ V415A/T416P/S418M/L419P/S420G/M426Y/E428Q/S429A/ I430A/V431L/N433Q/V434N/S437E/L438V 48 ≧1.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t570a/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ c573t/g576a/c579g/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ c580t/c583t/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ c600a/t601c/a603t/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ c607t/c625t/a627g/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ a642t/a645g/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ c648t/a663t/t771c/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ g783a/t1170c/t1185c/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ t1224c S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172G/S173A/V175I/N180R/ T244A/V247A/L248I/K253Q/M262L/Q273G/T275S/V282I/ A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/F289L/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/ Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/ D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/ A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/ A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/ S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 49 ≧1.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t552c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ c625t/a627g/t1185c/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ t1224c C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N198D/ M199L/K223N/T236M/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/ D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/ D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/ T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/ A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/ W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/ A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/ K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 50 ≧1.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/ Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/ I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 51 ≧1.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t552c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t570a/c573t/g576a/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ c579g/c580t/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ c583t/c600a/t601c/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ a603t/c607t/t1185c/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ t1224c A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ S219A/I220N/K223D/D257E/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/ D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/ Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/ R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D373G/ D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/ K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/ A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/ S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 52 ≧1.5 E2K/F3D/S5P/N6Y/I7V/G8P/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/ t279c/a510t/t558c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 D19N/L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t588c/t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/D257E/I292V/N311D/I312V/Y313H/ D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/ T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/ A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/ W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/ A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/ K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437K/L438* 53 ≧1.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/c675t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c/a1269g R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/Q166K/ K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/N198D/M199L/ S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/ V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/ I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ A339V/F344L/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/ A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/ D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/ A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/ K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/ S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438* 54 ≧1.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/c580t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ S219A/I220N/K223D/T236M/T244A/V247A/L248I/D257E/ Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/ V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/ M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/ F350A/S352G/A359I/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/ K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393E/ D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/ A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/ V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 55 ≧1.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t552c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/M148V/H149N/G152S/P155C/ S156N/F162Y/S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/ V175I/N180K/N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/K253Q/ D257E/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/ I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/ T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/ E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/A361G/F364L/R365I/ A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/ N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/ D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/ G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 56 ≧1.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/c684t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ g687a/t978c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/S163A/ Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180R/Q273G/ T275S/T416A 57 ≧1.5 F3L/S5Q/G8P/Q11K/Q13E/P15A/K16N/T18K/D19N/S22A/ g783a/c924t/t1263a/ 1S2/69L70/127M128/ K24H/N27D/P28A/E30K/V31I/I32V/N33L/R38K/K42P/ a1269g 436G437 L45M/S46A/T50N/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54A/C61R/ G62D/T64A/T67S/W68F/Q70E/S71K/D72G/P73S/A74M/ A75E/R76H/A84G/I87F/D89E/S92G/D94K/Y96F/R101V/ S104V/Y107A/G108C/S109D/L110I/A112E/D115S/ Q116R/I119E/V120I/T121S/K125L/Q128K/D130T/K131D/ F132I/K140N/C141M/D143S/H144N/M148V/H149N/ T153S/S154T/P155N/F160Y/A161C/S163A/E172D/S173I/ N180R/N198D/M199V/G200K/L201F/L203Q/D204E/ M206I/R208N/T236M/T244A/V247A/L248I/K253Q/ M262L/Q273G/T275S/V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/ F289L/I292V/V299M/Q307E/T310F/N311D/I312V/ I323L/A325N/F328L/N330-/ L333F/A339N/G342P/F344Y/P346Y/I349M/S352G/Y353F/ A355L/A359S/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/D373E/ R375T/I376L/K378N/V380I/A381K/D382E/A385K/W387F/ N388E/T389S/G390E/A393K/D394K/I396R/A397S/ G398K/K399S/D401S/F402L/A403Q/S404E/E406A/K407A/ L410E/K412M/E414-/ V415A/T416P/S418M/L419P/S420G/M426Y/E428Q/S429A/ I430A/V431L/N433Q/V434N/S437E/L438V 58 ≧1.5 F3L/S5Q/G8P/Q11K/Q13E/P15A/K16N/T18K/D19N/S22A/ g783a/c924t/t1263a/ 1S2/69L70/127M128/ K24H/N27D/P28A/E30K/V31I/I32V/N33L/R38K/K42P/ a1269g 436G437 L45M/S46A/T50N/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54A/C61R/ G62D/T64A/T67S/W68F/Q70E/S71K/D72G/P73S/A74M/ A75E/R76H/A84G/I87F/D89E/S92G/D94K/Y96F/R101V/ S104V/Y107A/G108C/S109D/L110I/A112E/D115S/ Q116R/I119E/V120I/T121S/K125L/Q128K/D130T/K131D/ F132I/K140N/C141M/D143S/H144N/M148V/H149N/ T153S/S154T/P155N/F160Y/A161C/S163A/E172D/S173I/ N180R/N198D/M199V/G200K/L201F/L203Q/D204E/ M206I/R208N/T236M/T244A/V247A/L248I/K253Q/ M262L/Q273G/T275S/V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/ F289L/I292V/V299M/Q307E/T310F/N311D/I312V/ I323L/A325N/F328L/N330-/ L333F/A339N/G342P/F344Y/P346Y/I349M/S352G/Y353F/ A355L/A359S/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/D373E/ R375T/I376L/K378N/V380I/A381K/D382E/A385K/W387F/ N388E/T389S/G390E/A393K/D394K/I396R/A397S/ G398K/K399S/D401S/F402L/A403Q/S404E/E406A/K407A/ L410E/K412M/E414-/ V415A/T416P/S418M/L419P/S420G/M426Y/E428Q/S429A/ I430A/V431L/N433Q/V434N/S437E/L438V 59 ≧1.5 T236M/T244A/V247A/L248I/K253Q/M262L/Q273G/T275S/ g783a V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/F289L/I292V 60 ≧1.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/g783a/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ R208G/S219A/I220N/K223D/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/ D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/ Y313R/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ N334D/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/ F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/ G374S/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/ A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/ K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/ A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/G422S/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 61 ≧1.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/c625t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ a627g/c696a R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/ V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N 62 ≧1.5 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t511c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ g1023a/a1029t/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ g1035t/t1038a/a1054t/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ g1055c/a1095g A75E/R76H/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ K223D/Q273G/T275S/V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/ F289L/I292V/V299M 63 ≧1.0 t1255c 64 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/P15A/K16N/ t279c/a510t/c792a 2N3/70I71/131G132 D19N/L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/ N33A/R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/ M58P/C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70D/S71T/ A74M/A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/ Y96F/R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/ K111E/A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/ I119E/V120I/T121A/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/ C134L/K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/ F162Y/S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ S219A/I220N/K223D/D257E/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/ V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/ I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ A325V/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/ A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/ D377A 65 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t511c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ g1023a/a1029t/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ g1035t/t1038a/a1054t/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ g1055c/a1095g A75E/R76H/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ K223D/Q273G/T275S/V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/ F289L/I292V/V299M 66 ≧1.0 S5K/G8S/Q11P/Q13E/P15K/K16D/D19N/S22A/E29D/N33D/ a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/ 131G132 T36K/E39D/H40I/L41M/T64A/Q70E/S71N/D89Q/ a54c/t60a/g63a/ Y96F/A112D/D115A/E126A/G129A/D130E/K131T/F132L/ t69c/a72g/t75c/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/V247A/L248I/ t78c/g114a/a126g/ K253Q/M262L/A269G/D285V/V288A/N311D/I312V/Y313H/ c129t/c133t/a135g/ D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/ c138t/c147t/ T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/ t156a/c159t/c177t/ A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/ a180c/c195t/c201a/ W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/ t207c/c216t/ A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/ g222t/a225t/g234a/ K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ c237t/t249c/t252a/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- c255t/t261c/ c271t/g273a/a274t/ g275c/c306t/c307t/ t309g/a318g/ t321c/c324t/c327t/ a333g/c339a/ t342c/c349t/t360c/ t366c/g381a/g384a/ g399a/t403c/ a405t/c411t/a420g/ t426c/t429c/c432t/ c435a/g438a/ a453t/a456t/a466t/ g467c/t468a/c471g/ t477c/t483a/ t486c/t489a/g495t/ g783a/t1185c/t1224c 67 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ S219A/I220N/K223D/G224C/G249A/D257E/Q273G/Q277E/ R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/ N311G/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/ Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/ A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/ D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/ A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/ K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/ S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 68 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t990c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/R146G/G152S/P155C/S156N/ F162Y/S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/ N180K/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/Q277E/ R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/ N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/ Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/ A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/ D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/ A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/ K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/ S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438* 69 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/t328c/g330c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ a510t/a642t/a645g/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ c648t C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76H/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/K111E/A112E/ T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/V120I/ T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/K140N/ C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/S163A/ Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/S219A/I220N/ K223D/Q273G/T275S/V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/ V288M/F289L/I292V/V299M 70 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1113c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ K223D/G249A/D257E/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/ V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/ D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/T345E/P346F/ E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/ L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/ N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/ F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/ G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 71 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ g585a/a642g/g783a/ 2N3/69L70/127M128/ L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ c924t/t1263a/ 436G437 R38K/K42P/L45M/S46A/T50N/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54A/ a1269g C61R/G62D/T64A/T67S/W68F/Q70E/S71K/D72G/P73S/ A74M/A75E/R76H/A84G/I87F/D89E/S92G/D94K/Y96F/ R101V/S104A/Y107A/G108C/S109D/L110I/A112E/ D115S/Q116R/I119E/V120I/T121S/K125L/Q128K/D130T/ K131D/F132I/K140N/C141M/D143S/H144N/M148V/ H149N/T153S/S154T/P155N/F160Y/A161C/S163A/E172D/ S173I/N180R/N198D/M199L/S219A/T236A/T244A/ V247A/L248I/K253Q/M262L/Q273G/T275S/V282I/A283S/ R284S/D285I/V288M/F289L/I292V/V299M/Q307E/ T310F/N311D/I312V/I323L/A325N/F328L/N330-/ L333F/A339N/G342P/F344Y/P346Y/I349M/S352G/Y353F/ A355L/A359S/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/D373E/ R375T/I376L/K378N/V380I/A381K/D382E/A385K/W387F/ N388E/T389S/G390E/A393K/D394K/I396R/A397S/ G398K/K399S/D401S/F402L/A403Q/S404E/E406A/K407A/ L410E/K412M/E414-/ V415A/T416P/S418M/L419P/S420G/M426Y/E428Q/S429A/ I430A/V431L/N433Q/V434N/S437E/L438V 72 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t558c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64V/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ S219A/I220N/K223D/T236M/D257E/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/ V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/ I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ A339V/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/ D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 73 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t657c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ g783a R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199V/T236M/T244A/V247A/L248I/K253Q/M262L/ Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/ V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/ M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/ I349V/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/ K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D 74 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ a219g/t279c/a510t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ c607t/t771c/t1185c/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ t1224c C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/ Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/A359T/F364L/R365I/ A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/ W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/ D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/ K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 75 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9D/I10F/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ K35N/T36I/R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/ T56A/M58P/C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/ S71T/A74M/A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/ Y95F/Y96F/R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/ L110F/K111E/A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/ D118F/I119E/V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/ F132I/C134L/K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/ S156N/F162Y/S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/ N180K/T236M 76 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ S219A/I220N/G249A/V299P/L300N/A339V/T345E/P346F/ E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/ L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A 77 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/V299M/ N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/ Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/ A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/ E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/ A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/ K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/ A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 78 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/ T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/ P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/ L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/K378E/A381D/ W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/ D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/ K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438* 79 ≧1.0 S5K/G8S/Q11P/Q13E/P15K/K16D/D19N/S22A/E29D/N33D/ a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/ 131G132 T36K/E39D/H40I/L41M/T64A/Q70E/S71N/D89Q/ a54c/t60a/g63a/ Y96F/A112D/D115A/E126A/G129A/D130E/K131T/F132L/ t69c/a72g/t75c/ N180K/N198D/M199V/T244A/V247A/L248I/K253Q/ t78c/g114a/a126g/ Q273G/T275S/V282I/A283S/R284S/D285I/V288M/F289L/ c129t/c133t/a135g/ I292V/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ c138t/c147t/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/W387Y/N388K t156a/c159t/c177t/ a180c/c195t/c201a/ t207c/c216t/ g222t/a225t/g234a/ c237t/t249c/t252a/ c255t/t261c/ c271t/g273a/a274t/ g275c/c306t/c307t/ t309g/a318g/ t321c/c324t/c327t/ a333g/c339a/ t342c/c349t/t360c/ t366c/g381a/g384a/ g399a/t403c/ a405t/c411t/a420g/ t426c/t429c/c432t/ c435a/g438a/ a453t/a456t/a466t/ g467c/t468a/c471g/ t477c/t483a/ t486c/t489a/g495t/ a510t/t511c/a513g/ c625t/a627g/a642t/ a645g/c648t/ t1047c/a1054t/g1055c/ a1095g/a1194c/ c1200t 80 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/c726t 2S3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K 81 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/t483c/a510t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ a606g/t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/V247A/L248I/K253Q/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/ V282M/D285V/V288A/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/ T315A/M317L/C318A/M319T/Y320L/I323L/A339V/ T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/ A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/ W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/ D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/ K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 82 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/a663t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ a1054t/g1055c/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ a1194c/c1200t C61V/G62T/T64V/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ K253Q/Q273G/T275S 83 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t873c 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53T/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/E106G/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/ K111E/A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/ I119E/V120I/T121V/Y123H/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/ F132I/C134L/K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/ S156N/F162Y/S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/ V175I/N180K/G249A/D257E/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/ D285V/V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/ Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/ R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/ A381D 84 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t552c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t735c/t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N198D/ M199L/S219A/I220N/K223D/G249A/D257E/I292V/V299P/ L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/ C318A/Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/ S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/ L370I/E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/ I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 85 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/c885t/ 2Y3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ c894t/a903g/a906t/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ c912t/g915a/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ a921g/c924t/c927t/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ t936c/t954c/g1035t/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ t1038a A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/F162Y/S163A/ Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/N198D/ M199L/V299P 86 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/g1023a/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1185c/t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166R/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/T236M/T244A/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/ Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/ R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/ A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/ K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/ E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 87 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/t483c/a510t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ a567g/a1029t/t1185c/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ t1224c C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ V183A/N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/D257E/N311D/I312V/ Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/ A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/ R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/E372D/D377A/ A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/I396V/A397D/ K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/K407Q/A409V/ E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- 88 ≧1.0 E372G c138a/t150a/g783a/ t1143g/c1146t/ c1155a/t1263a/a1269g 89 ≧1.0 S5K/G8S/Q11P/Q13E/P15K/K16D/D19N/S22A/E29D/N33D/ a27g/c30a/t42c/c51t/ 131G132 T36K/E39D/H40I/L41M/T64A/Q70E/S71N/D89Q/ a54c/t60a/g63a/ Y96F/A112D/D115A/E126A/G129A/D130E/K131T/F132L/ t69c/a72g/t75c/ N180T/N198D/M199L/S219A/I220N/T236M/G249A/ t78c/g114a/a126g/ D257E/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/V288A/I292V/ c129t/c133t/a135g/ N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/T315A/M317L/C318A/ c138t/c147t/ Y320L/I323L/A339V/T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/ t156a/c159t/c177t/ A359T/F364L/R365I/A366K/L368A/K369E/L370I/ a180c/c195t/c201a/ E372D/D377A/A381D/W387Y/N388K/A393K/D394A/ t207c/c216t/ I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/S404E/ g222t/a225t/g234a/ K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/T416V/ c237t/t249c/t252a/ A417-/S418-/ c255t/t261c/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438- c271t/g273a/a274t/ g275c/c306t/c307t/ t309g/a318g/ t321c/c324t/c327t/ a333g/c339a/ t342c/c349t/t360c/ t366c/g381a/g384a/ g399a/t403c/ a405t/c411t/a420g/ t426c/t429c/c432t/ c435a/g438a/ a453t/a456t/a466t/ g467c/t468a/c471g/ t477c/t483a/ t486c/t489a/g495t/ a501c/a510t/t511c/ a513g/c534t/t537a/ t1185c/t1224c 90 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/t1185c/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t1224c R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ N198D/M199L/Q273G/Q277E/R281A/V282M/D285V/ V288A/I292V/V299P/L300N/N311D/I312V/Y313H/D314S/ T315A/M317L/C318A/Y320L/I323L/F328L/A339V/ T345E/P346F/E347D/F350A/S352G/A359T/F364L/R365I/ A366E/L368A/K369E/L370I/W387Y/N388K/A393K/ D394A/I396V/A397D/K399T/A400T/D401S/F402L/A403E/ S404E/K407Q/A409V/E411T/K412H/G413S/V415P/ T416V/A417-/S418-/ L419M/S420Q/M426V/S429T/V434I/S437R/L438* 91 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/c600a/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ t601c/a603t/c607t/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ c625t/a627g/ C61V/G62T/T64M/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ a642t/a645g/c648t/ A75E/R76H/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ a1194c/c1200t R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ V288M/F289L/I292V 92 ≧1.0 E2K/F3Y/S5P/I7V/G8P/K9E/I10V/Q11K/Q13E/K16N/D19N/ t279c/a510t/a663t/ 2N3/70I71/131G132 L21F/S22A/N27D/P28A/E29N/E30K/I32V/N33A/ a1054t/g1055c/ R38K/L41C/K42R/M51L/G52C/G53A/D54G/T56A/M58P/ a1194c/c1200t C61V/G62T/T64V/K66R/W68Y/Q70N/S71T/A74M/ A75E/R76L/A84G/I87L/D89T/S92G/D94E/Y95F/Y96F/ R101A/L103I/S104A/Y107G/G108D/S109T/L110F/K111E/ A112E/T113S/N114K/D115K/Q116N/D118F/I119E/ V120I/T121V/Q128M/G129D/D130Q/K131T/F132I/C134L/ K140N/C141N/D143S/G152S/P155C/S156N/F162Y/ S163A/Q166K/K169N/E172D/S173A/V175I/N180K/ K253Q/Q273G/T275S

The DNA and amino acid sequences of xylose isomerase variants 2, 3, 42, 48, 56, and 62 are provided below.

Variant No 2: (SEQ ID NO: 22) ATGAGTGAATTGTTCCAAAACATCCCAAAAATCAAATACGAAAGTGCAAATTCCAAAAATCCTTTGGC TTTTCATTATTATGATGCTGAAAAAATAGTCCTCGGTAAGACCATGAAGGAGCATTTGCCATTCGCTAT GGCATGGTGGCACAATTTGTGTGCCGCTGGTACTGATATGTTCGGACGTGATACTGCGGACAAGTCCC TTGGTTTGGAAAAAGGCTCAATGGAACATGCTAAGGCCAAAGTTGATGCTGGTTTCGAATTTATGGAA AAGCTGGGCATTAAATACTTCTGCTTCCATGATGTAGACCTTGTTCCAGAAGCTTGCGACATTAAAGA GACCAATTCTCGACTGGACGAAATTTCTGATTACATCTTGGAGAAGATGAAGGGCACTGATATTAAGT GTTTATGGGGCACTGCTAATATGTTTTCTAACCCCAGGTTCGTGAACGGTGCAGGATCTACTAATAGTG CCGATGTTTACTGTTTTGCTGCTGCGCAAATAAAGAAAGCATTAGATATTACCGTCAAGTTGGGCGGT AGAGGTTATGTCTTTTGGGGTGGTAGAGAAGGTTACGAGACCCTGCTGAATACTAACGTTGGCTTAGA ACTGGACAACATGGCTAGGCTAATGAAGATGGCCGTAGAATACGGTAGGTCTATTGGATTCAAAGGTG ACTTCTACATCGAGCCTAAACCCAAGGAACCTGCAAAGCACCAGTACGACTTCGACACTGCTACCGTA TTAGGTTTTTTAAGGAAGTACGGGTTGGATAAAGACTTCAAGATGAACATCGAAGCCAATCACGCCAC ACTAGCAGGACACTCATTCCAGCATGAGTTACGTATTTCTAGTATTAACGGTATGTTGGGTTCTGTTGA TGCTAACCAAGGTGACATGTTGTTAGGATGGGACACGGATGAATTTCCCTTTGACGTTTATGATACTAC TATGTGTATGTATGAGGTCCTTAAAAACGGTGGTTTGACAGGCGGCTTTAACTTTGATGCGAAAAATC GTAGGCCTTCATACACGTATGAAGATATGTTCTATGGTTTCATTCTTGGTATGGATTCTTTCGCGTTAG GGTTTAGAGCAGCTCTTAAATTGATTGAAGACGGTAGAATTGACAAGTTTGTGGCTGACAGGTATGCC TCTTGGAATACCGGTATTGGTGCAGATATTATTGCCGGAAAAGCCGATTTTGCATCATTGGAAAAATA TGCTTTGGAAAAAGGTGAAGTTACCGCGTCATTGTCTTCTGGTAGACAAGAGATGCTGGAATCTATTG TCAACAACGTATTGTTTAGTTTGTAA (SEQ ID NO: 23) MSELFQNIPKIKYESANSKNPLAFHYYDAEKIVLGKTMKEHLPFAMAWWHNLCAAGTDMFGRDTADKSL GLEKGSMEHAKAKVDAGFEFMEKLGIKYFCFHDVDLVPEACDIKETNSRLDEISDYILEKMKGTDIKCLWG TANMFSNPRFVNGAGSTNSADVYCFAAAQIKKALDITVKLGGRGYVFWGGREGYETLLNTNVGLELDNM ARLMKMAVEYGRSIGFKGDFYIEPKPKEPAKHQYDFDTATVLGFLRKYGLDKDFKMNIEANHATLAGHSF QHELRISSINGMLGSVDANQGDMLLGWDTDEFPFDVYDTTMCMYEVLKNGGLTGGFNFDAKNRRPSYTY EDMFYGFILGMDSFALGFRAALKLIEDGRIDKFVADRYASWNTGIGADIIAGKADFASLEKYALEKGEVTA SLSSGRQEMLESIVNNVLFSL Variant No 3: (SEQ ID NO: 24) ATGGAATTTTTCAAGAACATCTCTAAGATACCATACGAAGGCAAAGACTCTACCAATCCATTAGCATT CAAGTACTACAATCCTGACGAAGTAATCGACGGTAAGAAGATGAGAGACATCATGAAGTTTGCTTTGT CTTGGTGGCATACTATGGGAGGTGATGGTACTGATATGTTTGGCTGTGGTACTGCTGATAAGACATGG GGCGAGAATGATCCAGCTGCTAGAGCTAAAGCTAAAGTTGATGCCGCATTTGAAATCATGCAGAAGTT ATCCATTGATTACTTCTGCTTCCATGATAGAGATTTGTCTCCAGAGTACGGTTCTTTGAAGGACACAAA CGCTCAATTGGACGTTGTCACTGACTACATCAAGGCTAAACAAGCTGAAACCGGTTTGAAATGTCTTT GGGGTACTGCTAAGTGCTTCGACCATCCAAGATTCATGCACGGTGCTGGTACTTCTCCTTCAGCGGATG TCTTCGCATTCTCAGCTGCTCAAATCAAGAAAGCTCTGGAATCTACCGTCAAGTTGGGTGGAACTGGTT ATGTCTTTTGGGGTGGTAGAGAAGGTTACGAGACCCTGCTGAATACTAACATGGGCTTAGAACTGGAC AACATGGCTAGGCTAATGAAGATGGCCGTAGAATACGGTAGGGCTAATGGATTCAAAGGTGACTTCTA CATCGAGCCTAAACCCAAGGAACCAACTAAGCATCAATACGACTTTGACACTGCTACAGTCTTGGGCT TTCTGAGAAAGTACGGCCTGGACAAAGACTTCAAGATGAACATCGAACCCAATCACACCACACTAGC AGGACACTCATTCGAGCATGAGTTAGCTATGGCTAGGGTAAACGGTGCATTCGGTTCTGTTGATGCTA ACCAAGGTGACGTATTGTTAGGATGGGACACGGGTCAATTCCCCACAGACGTTCATTCTGCTACTCTTG CTATGCTGGAGGTCTTGAAAGCCGGTGGTTTCACAAATGGCGGCCTGAACTTTGATGCGAAAGCTCGT AGGGGTTCATTCGAGTTTGACGATATTGCCTATGGTTACATTGCTGGTATGGATACTTTCGCGTTAGGG TTAATTAAAGCTGCTGAAATCATTGATGACGGTAGAATTGCCAAGTTTGTGGATGACAGGTATGCCTC TTACAAGACCGGTATTGGTAAAGCGATCGTTGACGGAACTACCTCTTTGGAAGAATTGGAACAATACG TGTTGACTCATTCTGAACCTGTCATGCAATCTGGTGGACAAGAGGTTCTGGAAACTATTGTCAACAAC GTATTGTTTAGATAA (SEQ ID NO: 25) MEFFKNISKIPYEGKDSTNPLAFKYYNPDEVIDGKKMRDIMKFALSWWHTMGGDGTDMFGCGTADKTWG ENDPAARAKAKVDAAFEIMQKLSIDYFCFHDRDLSPEYGSLKDTNAQLDVVTDYIKAKQAETGLKCLWGT AKCFDHPRFMHGAGTSPSADVFAFSAAQIKKALESTVKLGGTGYVFWGGREGYETLLNTNMGLELDNMA RLMKMAVEYGRANGFKGDFYIEPKPKEPTKHQYDFDTATVLGFLRKYGLDKDFKMNIEPNHTTLAGHSFE HELAMARVNGAFGSVDANQGDVLLGWDTGQFPTDVHSATLAMLEVLKAGGFTNGGLNFDAKARRGSFE FDDIAYGYIAGMDTFALGLIKAAEIIDDGRIAKFVDDRYASYKTGIGKAIVDGTTSLEELEQYVLTHSEPVM QSGGQEVLETIVNNVLFR Variant No 42: (SEQ ID NO: 26) ATGAAGAACTATTTCCCCAACGTCCCAGAAGTCAAATACGAAGGTCCAAACTCCACAAATCCTTTCGC TTTTAAATATTATGATGCTAATAAAGTAGTCGCCGGTAAGACCATGAAGGAGCATTGTAGATTCGCTC TATCCTGGTGGCACACTTTGTGTGCCGGTGGTGCTGATCCATTCGGAGTAACTACTATGGACAGGACCT ACGGTAACATTACCGACCCAATGGAACTAGCTAAGGCCAAAGTTGATGCTGGTTTCGAACTGATGACT AAGCTGGGCATCGAGTTCTTCTGCTTCCATGATGCCGACATTGCTCCAGAAGGTGACACCTTCGAAGA GTCCAAGAAGAATCTGTTCGAGATTGTTGATTACATCAAGGAGAAGATGGACCAAACCGGCATCAAGT TGTTATGGGGCACTGCTAACAACTTTAGTCACCCCAGGTTCATGCACGGTGCAGGAACTTCTCCTAGTG CCGATGTTTTCGCTTATGCTGCTGCGAAAATAAAGAACGCTTTAGATGCGACCATCAAGTTGGGCGGT AGAGGTTATGTCTTTTGGGGTGGTAGAGAAGGTTACGAGACCCTGCTGAATACTAACATGGGCTTAGA ACTGGACAACATGGCTAGGTTGATGAAGATGGCCGTTGAGTATGGTAGGTCTATTGGATTCAAAGGTG ACTTCTACATCGAGCCTAAACCCAAGGAACCTATGAAGCACCAGTACGACTTCGACACTGCTACCGTA TTAGGTTTTTTAAGGCAGTACGGGTTGGATAAAGACTTCAAATTGAACATCGAAGCCAATCACGCCAC ACTAGCAGGACACTCATTCCAGCATGAGTTACGTATTTCTAGTATTAACGGTATGTTGGGTTCTGTTGA TGCTAACCAAGGTGACGTATTGTTAGGATGGGACACGGATCAATTCCCCACAAACATTTATGATACTA CTATGTGTATGTATGAGGTCATTAAAGCCGGTGGTTTCACAAATGGCGGCCTGAACTTTGATGCTAAA GCTAGAAGAGGTTCATTCACGCCTGAAGATATTTTCTATTCTTACATTGCTGGTATGGATGCTTTCGCG TTAGGGTTTAGAGCAGCTCTTAAATTGATTGAAGACGGTAGAATTGACAAGTTTGTGGCTGACAGGTA TGCCTCTTGGAATACCGGTATTGGTGCAGATATTATTGCCGGAAAAGCCGATTTTGCATCATTGGAAA AATATGCTTTGGAGAAAGGAGAGGTTACCGCGTCATTGTCTTCTGGTAGACAAGAGATGCTGGAATCT ATTGTCAACAACGTATTGTTTAGTTTGTAA (SEQ ID NO: 27) MKNYFPNVPEVKYEGPNSTNPFAFKYYDANKVVAGKTMKEHCRFALSWWHTLCAGGADPFGVTTMDRT YGNITDPMELAKAKVDAGFELMTKLGIEFFCFHDADIAPEGDTFEESKKNLFEIVDYIKEKMDQTGIKLLW GTANNFSHPRFMHGAGTSPSADVFAYAAAKIKNALDATIKLGGRGYVFWGGREGYETLLNTNMGLELDN MARLMKMAVEYGRSIGFKGDFYIEPKPKEPMKHQYDFDTATVLGFLRQYGLDKDFKLNIEANHATLAGHS FQHELRISSINGMLGSVDANQGDVLLGWDTDQFPTNIYDTTMCMYEVIKAGGFTNGGLNFDAKARRGSFT PEDIFYSYIAGMDAFALGFRAALKLIEDGRIDKFVADRYASWNTGIGADIIAGKADFASLEKYALEKGEVTA SLSSGRQEMLESIVNNVLFSL Variant No 48: (SEQ ID NO: 28) ATGAAGAACTATTTCCCCAACGTCCCAGAAGTCAAATACGAAGGTCCAAACTCCACAAATCCTTTCGC TTTTAAATATTATGATGCTAATAAAGTAGTCGCCGGTAAGACCATGAAGGAGCATTGTAGATTCGCTC TATCCTGGTGGCACACTTTGTGTGCCGGTGGTGCTGATCCATTCGGAGTAACTACTATGGACAGGACCT ACGGTAACATTACCGACCCAATGGAACTAGCTAAGGCCAAAGTTGATGCTGGTTTCGAACTGATGACT AAGCTGGGCATCGAGTTCTTCTGCTTCCATGATGCCGACATTGCTCCAGAAGGTGACACCTTCGAAGA GTCCAAGAAGAATCTGTTCGAGATTGTTGATTACATCAAGGAGAAGATGGACCAAACCGGCATCAAGT TGTTATGGGGCACTGCTAACAACTTTAGTCACCCCAGGTTCATGCACGGTGCATCAACTTCTTGTAATG CCGATGTTTTCGCTTATGCTGCTGCGAAAATAAAGAACGCTTTAGGTGCGACCATCAAGTTGGGCGGT AGAGGTTATGTCTTTTGGGGTGGTAGAGAAGGATATGAAACGTTGTTGAATACTAACATGGGACTTGA ATTGGACAACATGGCTAGGTTGATGAAGATGGCCGTTGAGTATGGTAGGTCTATTGGTTTCAAAGGTG ACTTCTACATCGAGCCTAAACCCAAGGAACCTACTAAGCACCAGTACGACTTCGACGCTGCTACCGCA ATAGGTTTTTTAAGGCAGTACGGGTTGGACAAAGACTTCAAATTGAACATCGAAGCCAATCACGCCAC ACTAGCAGGACACTCATTCCAGCATGAGTTACGTATTTCTAGTATTAACGGTATGTTGGGTTCTGTTGA TGCTAACCAAGGTGACCCAAACTTAGGATGGGACACGGATCAATTCCCCACAGACGTTCATTCTGCTA CTCTTGCTATGCTGGAGGTCTTGAAAGCCGGTGGTTTCACAAATGGCGGCCTGAACTTTGATGCGAAA GTTCGTAGGGGTTCATTCGAGTTTGACGATATTGCCTATGGTTACATTGCTGGTATGGATGCTTTCGCG TTAGGGTTAATTAAAGCTGCTGAAATCATTGATGACGGTAGAATTGCCAAGTTTGTGGATGACAGGTA TGCCTCTTACAAGACCGGCATTGGTAAAGCGATCGTTGACGGAACTACCTCTTTGGAAGAATTGGAAC AATACGTGTTGACTCATTCTGAACCTGTCATGCAATCTGGTAGACAAGAGGTTCTGGAAACTATTGTCA ACAACATATTGTTTAGATAA (SEQ ID NO: 29) MKNYFPNVPEVKYEGPNSTNPFAFKYYDANKVVAGKTMKEHCRFALSWWHTLCAGGADPFGVTTMDRT YGNITDPMELAKAKVDAGFELMTKLGIEFFCFHDADIAPEGDTFEESKKNLFEIVDYIKEKMDQTGIKLLW GTANNFSHPRFMHGASTSCNADVFAYAAAKIKNALGATIKLGGRGYVFWGGREGYETLLNTNMGLELDN MARLMKMAVEYGRSIGFKGDFYIEPKPKEPTKHQYDFDAATAIGFLRQYGLDKDFKLNIEANHATLAGHS FQHELRISSINGMLGSVDANQGDPNLGWDTDQFPTDVHSATLAMLEVLKAGGFTNGGLNFDAKVRRGSFE FDDIAYGYIAGMDAFALGLIKAAEIIDDGRIAKFVDDRYASYKTGIGKAIVDGTTSLEELEQYVLTHSEPVM QSGRQEVLETIVNNILFR Variant No 56: (SEQ ID NO: 30) ATGAAGAACTATTTCCCCAACGTCCCAGAAGTCAAATACGAAGGTCCAAACTCCACAAATCCTTTCGC TTTTAAATATTATGATGCTAATAAAGTAGTCGCCGGTAAGACCATGAAGGAGCATTGTAGATTCGCTC TATCCTGGTGGCACACTTTGTGTGCCGGTGGTGCTGATCCATTCGGAGTAACTACTATGGACAGGACCT ACGGTAACATTACCGACCCAATGGAACTAGCTAAGGCCAAAGTTGATGCTGGTTTCGAACTGATGACT AAGCTGGGCATCGAGTTCTTCTGCTTCCATGATGCCGACATTGCTCCAGAAGGTGACACCTTCGAAGA GTCCAAGAAGAATCTGTTCGAGATTGTTGATTACATCAAGGAGAAGATGGACCAAACCGGCATCAAGT TGTTATGGGGCACTGCTAACAACTTTAGTCACCCCAGGTTCATGCACGGTGCAGGAACTTCTTGTAATG CCGATGTTTTCGCTTATGCTGCTGCGAAAATAAAGAACGCTTTAGATGCGACCATCAAGTTGGGCGGT AGAGGTTATGTCTTTTGGGGTGGTAGAGAAGGTTACGAGACCCTGCTGAATACTAACATGGGCTTAGA ACTGGACAACATGGCTAGGCTAATGAAGATGGCCGTAGAATACGGTAGGTCTATTGGATTCAAAGGTG ACTTCTACATTGAACCTAAACCCAAGGAACCTACTAAGCACCAGTACGACTTCGACACTGCTACCGTA TTAGGTTTTTTAAGGAAGTACGGGTTGGATAAAGACTTCAAGATGAACATCGAAGCCAATCACGCCAC ACTAGCAGGACACTCATTCCAGCATGAGTTACGTGTGGCTAGGGATAACGGTGTATTCGGTTCTATTG ATGCTAACCAAGGTGACGTATTGTTAGGATGGGACACGGATCAATTCCCCACAAACATTTATGATACT ACTATGTGTATGTATGAGGTCATTAAAGCCGGCGGTTTCACAAATGGCGGCCTGAACTTTGATGCGAA AGCTCGTAGGGGTTCATTCACGCCTGAAGATATTTTCTATAGTTACATTGCTGGTATGGATGCTTTCGC GTTAGGGTTTAGAGCAGCTCTTAAATTGATTGAAGACGGTAGAATTGACAAGTTTGTGGCTGACAGGT ATGCCTCTTGGAATACCGGTATTGGTGCAGATATTATTGCCGGAAAAGCCGATTTTGCATCATTGGAA AAATATGCTTTGGAAAAAGGTGAAGTTGCCGCGTCATTGTCTTCTGGTAGACAAGAGATGCTGGAATC TATTGTCAACAACGTATTGTTTAGTTTGTAA (SEQ ID NO: 31) MKNYFPNVPEVKYEGPNSTNPFAFKYYDANKVVAGKTMKEHCRFALSWWHTLCAGGADPFGVTTMDRT YGNITDPMELAKAKVDAGFELMTKLGIEFFCFHDADIAPEGDTFEESKKNLFEIVDYIKEKMDQTGIKLLW GTANNFSHPRFMHGAGTSCNADVFAYAAAKIKNALDATIKLGGRGYVFWGGREGYETLLNTNMGLELDN MARLMKMAVEYGRSIGFKGDFYIEPKPKEPTKHQYDFDTATVLGFLRKYGLDKDFKMNIEANHATLAGHS FQHELRVARDNGVFGSIDANQGDVLLGWDTDQFPTNIYDTTMCMYEVIKAGGFTNGGLNFDAKARRGSF TPEDIFYSYIAGMDAFALGFRAALKLIEDGRIDKFVADRYASWNTGIGADIIAGKADFASLEKYALEKGEVA ASLSSGRQEMLESIVNNVLFSL Variant No 62: (SEQ ID NO: 32) ATGAAGAACTATTTCCCCAACGTCCCAGAAGTCAAATACGAAGGTCCAAACTCCACAAATCCTTTCGC TTTTAAATATTATGATGCTAATAAAGTAGTCGCCGGTAAGACCATGAAGGAGCATTGTAGATTCGCTC TATCCTGGTGGCACACTTTGTGTGCCGGTGGTGCTGATCCATTCGGAGTAACTACTATGGACAGGACCT ACGGTAACATTACCGACCCAATGGAACATGCTAAGGCCAAAGTTGATGCTGGTTTCGAACTGATGACT AAGCTGGGCATCGAGTTCTTCTGCTTCCATGATGCCGACATTGCTCCAGAAGGTGACACCTTCGAAGA GTCCAAGAAGAATCTGTTCGAGATTGTTGATTACATCAAGGAGAAGATGGACCAAACCGGCATCAAGT TGTTATGGGGCACTGCTAACAACTTTAGTCACCCCAGGTTCATGCACGGTGCATCAACTTCTTGTAATG CCGATGTTTTCGCTTATGCTGCTGCGAAAATAAAGAACGCTCTAGATGCGACCATCAAGTTGGGCGGT AAGGGTTATGTCTTTTGGGGTGGTAGAGAAGGTTACGAGACCCTGCTGAATACTAACATGGGCTTAGA ACTGGACAACATGGCTAGGCTAATGAAGATGGCCGTAGAATACGGTAGGTCTATTGGATTCGACGGTG ACTTCTACATCGAGCCTAAACCCAAGGAACCTACTAAGCACCAGTACGACTTCGACACTGCTACCGTA TTAGGTTTTTTAAGGAAGTACGGGTTGGATAAAGACTTCAAGATGAACATCGAAGCCAATCACGCCAC ACTAGCAGGACACTCATTCCAGCATGAGTTACGTATTTCTAGTATTAACGGTATGTTGGGTTCTGTTGA TGCTAACCAAGGTGACATGTTGTTAGGATGGGACACGGATCAATTCCCCACAAACATTTATGATACTA CTATGTGTATGTATGAGGTCATTAAAGCCGGTGGTTTCACAAATGGCGGCCTGAACTTTGATGCGAAA GCTCGTAGAGGTTCTTTCACTCCAGAAGATATTTTCTATTCTTACATTGCTGGTATGGATGCTTTCGCGT TAGGGTTTAGGGCAGCTCTTAAATTGATTGAAGACGGTAGAATTGACAAGTTTGTGGCTGACAGGTAT GCCTCTTGGAATACCGGTATTGGTGCAGATATTATTGCCGGAAAAGCCGATTTTGCATCATTGGAAAA ATATGCTTTGGAAAAAGGTGAAGTTACCGCGTCATTGTCTTCTGGTAGACAAGAGATGCTGGAATCTA TTGTCAACAACGTATTGTTTAGTTTGTAA (SEQ ID NO: 33) MKNYFPNVPEVKYEGPNSTNPFAFKYYDANKVVAGKTMKEHCRFALSWWHTLCAGGADPFGVTTMDRT YGNITDPMEHAKAKVDAGFELMTKLGIEFFCFHDADIAPEGDTFEESKKNLFEIVDYIKEKMDQTGIKLLW GTANNFSHPRFMHGASTSCNADVFAYAAAKIKNALDATIKLGGKGYVFWGGREGYETLLNTNMGLELDN MARLMKMAVEYGRSIGFDGDFYIEPKPKEPTKHQYDFDTATVLGFLRKYGLDKDFKMNIEANHATLAGHS FQHELRISSINGMLGSVDANQGDMLLGWDTDQFPTNIYDTTMCMYEVIKAGGFTNGGLNFDAKARRGSFT PEDIFYSYIAGMDAFALGFRAALKLIEDGRIDKFVADRYASWNTGIGADIIAGKADFASLEKYALEKGEVTA SLSSGRQEMLESIVNNVLFSL

Example 4 Fermentation Activity of Improved Xylose Isomerase Genes

Improved xylose isomerase variant numbers 42, 48, 56, and 62, were transformed into S. cerevisiae BY474, using methods known in the art. Single colonies of transformed strains were used to inoculate 400 ul of YPD medium containing 1 mM MgSO₄ and 200 ug/ml G418. The cultures were grown at 30° C. for 72 hrs at 250 rpm. Forty μl of the saturated cultures were used to inoculate 400 ul of YPD containing 2% xylose supplemented with 1 mM MgSO₄ and 200 ug/ml of G418. The cultures were grown at 30° C. for 48 hrs with 250 rpm shaking. At 48 hrs, the cells were spun down at 22° C. for 10 mins.

To assay for fermentation, cells were re-suspended in 400 ul of defined medium (55 g/L glucose, 28 g/L xylose, 2.8 g/L arabinose, 1.3 g/L galactose, 0.9 g/L mannose, 4.1 g/L acetic acid, 1.1 g/L furfural, 3 g/L potassium phosphate, 5 g/L ammonium sulphate, 0.5 g/L magnesium sulphate, 100 mM MES buffer, pH 5.5; trace elements and vitamins solution [0.05 g/L biotin, 1 g/L pantothenate; 1 g/L nicotinic acid, 1 g/L myoinositol, 1 g/L thiamine hydrochloride 1 g/L, pyridoxal hydrochloride, and 0.2 g/L p-aminobenzoic acid) supplemented with 1 mM MgSO₄ and 200 ug/ml of G418. The plates were sealed with mats and incubated at 30° C. with 160 rpm shaking. At 120 hrs, the cells were harvested and the residual sugars and ethanol in the supernatant were measured by HPLC using methods known in the art (See e.g., DuPont et al., Carbohydr. Polym., 68:1-16 [2007], incorporated herein by reference). In some experiments, the residual xylose in the supernatant was measured using a spectrophotometric assay (Megazyme xylose assay; Cat no. K-XYLOSE) performed according to the manufacturer's protocol. FIG. 3 shows the total xylose consumed for some of the chimeric xylose isomerases compared to RF_XI and AD_XI.

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, it is intended that the present invention encompass all such changes and modifications with the scope of the present invention.

The present invention has been described broadly and generically herein. Each of the narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the generic disclosure also form part(s) of the invention. The invention described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations which is/are not specifically disclosed herein. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation. There is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding any equivalents of the features described and/or shown or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the claimed invention. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by some preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be utilized by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention. 

We claim:
 1. A recombinant nucleic acid construct comprising at least one polynucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide which is capable of catalyzing the isomerization of D-xylose directly to D-xylulose, wherein the polynucleotide is a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NO:23, wherein said polypeptide is a chimeric xylose isomerase.
 2. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the at least one polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 23. 3. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the at least one polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 23. 4. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, further comprising a genetic element that facilitates stable integration into a fungal host genome.
 5. The nucleic acid construct of claim 4, wherein the genetic element facilitates integration into a fungal host genome by homologous recombination.
 6. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, comprising a fungal origin of replication.
 7. The nucleic acid construct of claim 6, wherein the fungal origin of replication is a yeast origin of replication.
 8. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide sequence is operatively linked to a promoter sequence that is functional in a fungal cell.
 9. The nucleic acid construct of claim 8, wherein the promoter sequence is a fungal promoter sequence.
 10. The nucleic acid construct of claim 9, wherein the fungal promoter sequence is a yeast promoter sequence.
 11. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide sequence is operatively linked to a transcription termination sequence that is functional in a fungal cell.
 12. The nucleic acid construct of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide sequence contains codons optimized for expression in a yeast cell.
 13. A recombinant fungal host cell comprising a polynucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide that is capable of catalyzing the isomerization of D-xylose directly to D-xylulose, wherein the polynucleotide is a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, identity to SEQ ID NO:23, and wherein said polypeptide is a chimeric xylose isomerase.
 14. The host cell of claim 13, wherein said polynucleotide sequence is a polynucleotide sequence as provided in claim
 1. 15. The host cell of claim 13, wherein said polynucleotide sequence comprises a recombinant nucleic acid construct according to claim
 1. 16. The host cell of claim 13, wherein the polynucleotide is integrated into the host cell genome.
 17. The host cell of claim 13, wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
 18. The host cell of claim 13, wherein the host cell has had one or more native genes deleted from its genome.
 19. The host cell of claim 18, wherein the deletion results in one or more phenotypes including increased transport of xylose into the host cell, increased xylulose kinase activity, increased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, decreased sensitivity to catabolite repression, increased tolerance to ethanol, increased tolerance to acetate, increased tolerance to increased osmolarity, increased tolerance to low pH, and/or reduced production of by products, wherein comparison is made with respect to the corresponding host cell without the deletion(s).
 20. The host cell of claim 19, wherein the host cell is altered to overexpress one or more polynucleotides.
 21. The host cell of claim 20, wherein overexpression results in one or more phenotypes, including increased transport of xylose into the host cell, increased xylulose kinase activity, increased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, decreased sensitivity to catabolite repression, increased tolerance to ethanol, increased tolerance to acetate, increased tolerance to increased osmolarity, increased tolerance to low pH, and/or reduced product of by products, wherein comparison is made to the corresponding unaltered host cell.
 22. The host cell of claim 13, wherein the host cell is capable of growth in a xylose-based culture medium.
 23. The host cell of claim 13, wherein the host cell is capable of fermentation in a xylose-based culture medium.
 24. The host cell of claim 13, wherein the host cell is capable of faster growth in a xylose-based culture medium as compared to wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
 25. The host cell of claim 13, wherein the xylose-based culture medium is a product from a cellulosic saccharification process and/or a hemicellulosic feedstock. 